for exam

Question 1

what is axonal transport?

Answer 1

transport of proteins through microtunules in acons
fast approx 1000mm/day
cna ba anterograde and reterograde

Question 2

what is the acon hillock

Answer 2

the part of the axon which first emerges from the soma

Question 3

what is the axon proper

Answer 3

the main body of the axonwhat are the acon terminalsthe very end o the acon where boutons are formed this is what synapses start from

Question 4

what are the acon collaterals

Answer 4

banches o the axon so just before the terminals

Question 5

what ae the five features through which neurons can be classified and what are the options?

Answer 5

shape: stellate or yramidal(cal also be spiny
axons: golgi 1-long golgi2-lcal
number of neutrites: unipolar bipolar or multipolar
connections: primar sensory-connected to sensory surfaces eg skin and retina motor-conneted to muscle interneurons-connected to other neurons

Question 6

which cells produce myelin in the cns

Answer 6

oligodendrocytes

Question 7

which cells produce myelin in the pariforal nervous system

Answer 7

schwan cells

Question 8

describe the shape and structure of an strocute

Answer 8

star shaped and contains few organelles and microglies

Question 9

what is the functio of astrocytes

Answer 9

povide mechanicl and metabollic support whilst reguating the flow of ions in extracellular fluid and being inbolved in repair
they are most numerous in brain

Question 10

what is the structure of olligodendrocytes?

Answer 10

numerous organeles and microtubules as they make myelin and are involved in repair processes in th cns

Question 11

what does the spinothalamic pahwa signal?

Answer 11

pain

Question 12

a higher diameter of the axon mens ther i Ales or B more resitance

Answer 12

less

Question 13

where are neuropeptides synthesised?

Answer 13

vell body

Question 14

what percentage of all synapses do chemical synapses mae up?

Answer 14

95%

Question 15

how long is the synaptic delay ?

Answer 15

0.5ms

Question 16

which neurotransmitter does currarie compete with and at which receptor?ps its a reversible antagonit…

Answer 16

acetlchlllline t the nicotinic receptor

Question 17

what are the efects of curarie?

Answer 17

paralasys as ist prevents the neurotransmitte at he neuromuscular unction

Question 18

where are inhibitory chemical snapses motly located?

Answer 18

around cell body and axon hillock

Question 19

what is postsynaptic inhibition

Answer 19

inhibitor transmitter reduces the likelihood of an acin potentil by causing hyperpolarisation of the nerve membrane making it more negative

Question 20

what is presynaptic inhibition

Answer 20

special kind of inhibition
occurs at axo axonic axon terminals
these are terminals that are presynaptic and post syaptic
presynaptic inhibition ifs the reduction in amount of neurotransmitter relased

Question 21

where is presynaptic most common?

Answer 21

brain and spinal cord

Question 22

where are excitatory synapses located

Answer 22

dendritic tree

Question 23

where are small molecle neurotransmitters snthesised?

Answer 23

axon terminals

Question 24

why are calcium ions important to transmitter release?

Answer 24

when the presynaptic membran depolarises calcium ion voltage gated ion channels open this stmultes transmitter release.
if calcium is replaced with another ation release is blocked

Question 25

what does it mean that transmitter relase is quantial

Answer 25

small depolarisations occur with transmitter release known as mepps
when one packet of transmitter isreleased there is a uniform amplitude released when two packets are released this amplitude is doubled
it is now known that the amount o transmitter released is quantial

Question 26

what are auto receptors, where are they located and what do they regulate?

Answer 26

they are located at the presunaptic terminal sometime. they are activated with transmitter relase and regulate transmitter production

Question 27

what are ionotropic receptors and wht are their function on the post synaptic membrane?

Answer 27

they are basicallyion channel receptors
wehn the transmitter binds the channel opens letting the flow of ions into the nerve cell
action isfast an ecample is the icotinic acetylchollin receptor

Question 28

what is a metabotrophic receptor how does it work and what is its function?

Answer 28

an example is a g protein coupled receptor
works slowl as its not directly linked to an ion channel
it uses second messenger moleules such a s Cuclic amp which is part of an effector system which in turn actiates ion channels
this process is slow hich eplains the slow naure of neuro modulators

Question 29

what are the processescalled that are intiated by second messenger moleculus and how lon do the changes alst

Answer 29

the changes are usually permenant and these cascades are imporant in learning and memory
cascades can caus other effecs than just opening ion channels

Question 30

what are ther three methods of inactivation at the post snaptic membrane?

Answer 30

1diffusion
2 re uptake ie with monoamines these are reuptaken and recycled
3.enxyme breakdown

Question 31

what is aldoterone and which type of response to challenge is it ie short long or medium term

Answer 31

aldosterne encourgesretention of salt and water and is a medium term response to challenge ie blood loss in particular