For exam 2 lecture 1

Question 1

How does the Nervous System work?

Answer 1

Controls homeostasis through nerve impulses (action potentials) conducted along axons of neurons.

Question 2

How does the Endocrine System work?

Answer 2

Releases its messenger molecules, called hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 3

Together what does the Nervous and Endocrine systems do?

Answer 3

Coordinate functions of all body systems, maintain homeostasis.

Question 4

The means of transferring information is called a?

Answer 4

Action Potential

Question 5

The Nervous System causes what?

Answer 5

Muscles to contract and glands to secrete their product.

Question 6

The Endocrine System alters what?

Answer 6

Metabolic activities, regulate growth and development, and guides reproductive processes.

Question 7

Speed of Nervous System is ?

Which system is long term?

Answer 7

Quick

Endocrine System

Question 8

What is the Endocrine System made up of?

Answer 8

Endocrine Glands and scattered cells

Question 9

Endocrine Glands are

Answer 9

Ductless and secrete hormones into extracellular spaces from which they enter the blood stream and circulate throughout the body to their target areas.

Question 10

Specialized chemical substances produced and secreted by an endocrine cell or organ are?

Answer 10

Hormones

Question 11

T:F Hormones effect many target cells.

Answer 11

False: Effective only at specific target cells

Question 12

How do hormones work

Answer 12

Influence their target cells by chemically binding to integral proteins or glycoprotein molecules called receptors

Question 13

Integral proteins or glycoprotein molecules that hormones bind to are called?

Answer 13

Receptors

Question 14

What is the difference between Circulating Hormones and Local Hormones?

Answer 14

Circulating are dumped into the blood stream and act on distant target cells.
Local hormones act locally without first entering the blood stream.

Question 15

Circulating hormones are called?

Answer 15

Endocrines

Question 16

What are the two types of Local hormones?

Answer 16

Paracrines and Autocrines

Question 17

What is the difference between Paracrines and Autocrines

Answer 17

Paracrines act on neighboring cells.

Autocrines act on the same cell that secreted them.

Question 18

Chemical signal that is produced by neurons and function like hormones

Answer 18

Neurohormone

Question 19

Neurotransmitter

Answer 19

Released by neurons at a synapse and influences a postsynaptic cell

Question 20

A chemical signal secreted into the environment that modify the behavior of other individuals.

Answer 20

Pheromone

Question 21

What are the 4 chemical classifications of hormones

Answer 21

Amines
Polypeptides and Proteins
Steroids
Ecosanoids

Question 22

Amine Hormones are?

Answer 22

Hormones derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan.

Question 23

Hormones that consist of chains of amino acids are

Answer 23

Polypeptides and proteins and are synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and exported form the cell

Question 24

Steroids are

Answer 24

Hormones from lipids derived from cholesterol

Question 25

Hormones derived from arachidonic acid and exert control over many body systems

Answer 25

Ecosanoids

Question 26

What is the difference between water-soluble hormones and steroid/thyroid hormones?

Answer 26

Water-Soluble circulate in watery plasma not attached to plasma proteins and find their receptors on the surface of the cell.
Steroid/thyroid hormones attach to specific transport proteins, which are synthesized by the liver. Steroid/thyroid hormones have to find their receptors inside the cell.

Question 27

What are the three functions of transport proteins for hormones?

Answer 27

1) Improve transportability of lipid-soluble hormones by making them temporarily water-soluble
2) Slow the passage of small hormones through the filtering of the kidney (Slow hormones loss in the urine)
3) Provide a ready reserve of hormones already present in the blood stream

Question 28

Mechanisms of hormone action:

Answer 28

Response to hormone depends on hormone and target cell
Various target cells respond differently to the same hormone
Often the response to a hormone is synthesis of new molecules

Question 29

Transfer between blood and tissue only happen at the level of?

Answer 29

Capillary/ micro-circulation

Question 30

Why does the heart pump?

Answer 30

To get things into the capillary where transfer into the tissues.

Question 31

Catecholamines, peptides, and proteins are?

Answer 31

Water-soluble hormones

Question 32

Where and what are water-soluble hormone’s receptors?

Answer 32

Integral proteins on the plasma membrane of target cells.

Question 33

Since water-soluble hormones can only deliver their message to the plasma membrane they are called?

Answer 33

First messengers

Question 34

What is needed to relay the message inside the cell where hormone-stimulated responses can take place?

Answer 34

Second messenger

Question 35

Hormone secretion control 3 ways:

Answer 35

1) Signals from the nervous system
2) Chemical changes in blood
3) Other hormones

Question 36

A hormone is released in response to a specific stimulus and usually, its action reverses or negates the stimulus known as?

Answer 36

Negative feedback mechanism

Question 37

Positive feedback mechanism is?

Answer 37

Amplification of the stimulus and increasing release of the hormone until a particular process is complete and the stimulus ceases.