for exam 2 Flashcards
How many ATP are produced from each part if glucose is used in the aerobic pathway?
8 from glycolysis + 6 from conversion of 2 pyruvate to acetyl coa + 24 from CAC= 38 total
What 4 minerals and 2 vitamins are required for CAC?
Fe, Mn, P and Mg. niacin and riboflavin
Which CAC enzymes require minerals?
Aconitase requires Fe to form citrate, then isocitrate dehydrogenase requires Mn. Succinyl CoA synthetase requires Mg to make succinate
Where is ATP produced in glycolysis?
GAP dehydrogenase gives 1 NADH (equivalent to 3 ATP) from GAP into 1,3 BPG,
phosphoglycerol kinase gives 1 ATP from 1,3 BPG to 3 phosphoglycerate
pyruvate kinase gives 1 ATP from PEP into pyruvate
What tissues use anaerobic glycolysis?
white muscle, erythrocytes, brain, GIT smooth muscle
What are the 4 major pathways glucose is used for?
Immediate precursor of energy (glycolysis and CAC), PPP, precursor for glycogen in liver and muscle, or precursor for TAG
Why carbohydrases generally have more effect on chickens?
More substrate is available, pH in crop, quick passage through stomach
Why are enzymes used as cocktails?
to increase access of enzyme to substrate, in case of branching of xylose backbone with ferulic acid, arabinofuranose, glucuronic acid. To release nutrients that are caged. corn is very branched, contrary to wheat and barley, that have better response
6 properties of water:
high specific heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporization, high enthalpy of fusion, high dielectric constant (good solvent), high thermal conductivity and high surface tension (nutrient absorption)
Functions of water:
maintain structure of cell, act as solvent, lubricant, regulate temperature and maintain blood volume
Alfa configuration is when
OH in C1 is in the opposite direction of group on C6
Monosaccharide examples:
glucose, fructose, galactose, are all hexoses
Examples of disaccharides:
sucrose (glucose + fructose by alfa 1 beta 2), maltose (2 glucose by alfa 1,4) lactose (glucose + galactose by beta 1,4)
Oligosaccharide examples:
raffinose is a trisaccharide (galactose, glucose, fructose) by alpha 1,6 and alpha 1,2
stachyose is a tetrasaccharide (raffinose + galactose)
verbascose is a pentasaccharide (stachyose + galactose)
Polysaccharide examples:
Pentosans: arabinans, xylans and arabinoxylans
Hexosans: fructans, galactans and glucans (starch, glycogen, dextrins)
The more linear part of starch is called ________
amylose, has most alpha 1,4
What are beta glucans?
It’s a cell wall component, glucose units bound by beta linkages, that cannot be digested by endogenous enzymes, present in barley, oats (soluble) and wheat (insoluble)
Examples of hemiceluloses:
NSP: beta d glucans, arabinoxylans in wheat and rye.
Why is the crude fiber analysis inaccurate to determine total fiber?
Because it does not include all dietary fiber, CF comprises what is resistant to alkali and acid, which includes celulose, some hemicelulose and some lignin.
Thus part of hemicelulose and lignin, along with pectins and beta glucans that are part of the cell wall is not considered. Also resistant starch is in cell content but not available, is not in CF.
What is included in ADF and NDF?
ADF is celulose and lignin, and NDF is hemicelulose, lignin and cellulose.
