for exam 2

Question 1

How many ATP are produced from each part if glucose is used in the aerobic pathway?

Answer 1

8 from glycolysis + 6 from conversion of 2 pyruvate to acetyl coa + 24 from CAC= 38 total

Question 2

What 4 minerals and 2 vitamins are required for CAC?

Answer 2

Fe, Mn, P and Mg. niacin and riboflavin

Question 3

Which CAC enzymes require minerals?

Answer 3

Aconitase requires Fe to form citrate, then isocitrate dehydrogenase requires Mn. Succinyl CoA synthetase requires Mg to make succinate

Question 4

Where is ATP produced in glycolysis?

Answer 4

GAP dehydrogenase gives 1 NADH (equivalent to 3 ATP) from GAP into 1,3 BPG,
phosphoglycerol kinase gives 1 ATP from 1,3 BPG to 3 phosphoglycerate
pyruvate kinase gives 1 ATP from PEP into pyruvate

Question 5

What tissues use anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 5

white muscle, erythrocytes, brain, GIT smooth muscle

Question 6

What are the 4 major pathways glucose is used for?

Answer 6

Immediate precursor of energy (glycolysis and CAC), PPP, precursor for glycogen in liver and muscle, or precursor for TAG

Question 7

Why carbohydrases generally have more effect on chickens?

Answer 7

More substrate is available, pH in crop, quick passage through stomach

Question 8

Why are enzymes used as cocktails?

Answer 8

to increase access of enzyme to substrate, in case of branching of xylose backbone with ferulic acid, arabinofuranose, glucuronic acid. To release nutrients that are caged. corn is very branched, contrary to wheat and barley, that have better response

Question 9

6 properties of water:

Answer 9

high specific heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporization, high enthalpy of fusion, high dielectric constant (good solvent), high thermal conductivity and high surface tension (nutrient absorption)

Question 10

Functions of water:

Answer 10

maintain structure of cell, act as solvent, lubricant, regulate temperature and maintain blood volume

Question 11

Alfa configuration is when

Answer 11

OH in C1 is in the opposite direction of group on C6

Question 12

Monosaccharide examples:

Answer 12

glucose, fructose, galactose, are all hexoses

Question 13

Examples of disaccharides:

Answer 13

sucrose (glucose + fructose by alfa 1 beta 2), maltose (2 glucose by alfa 1,4) lactose (glucose + galactose by beta 1,4)

Question 14

Oligosaccharide examples:

Answer 14

raffinose is a trisaccharide (galactose, glucose, fructose) by alpha 1,6 and alpha 1,2
stachyose is a tetrasaccharide (raffinose + galactose)
verbascose is a pentasaccharide (stachyose + galactose)

Question 15

Polysaccharide examples:

Answer 15

Pentosans: arabinans, xylans and arabinoxylans
Hexosans: fructans, galactans and glucans (starch, glycogen, dextrins)

Question 16

The more linear part of starch is called ________

Answer 16

amylose, has most alpha 1,4

Question 17

What are beta glucans?

Answer 17

It’s a cell wall component, glucose units bound by beta linkages, that cannot be digested by endogenous enzymes, present in barley, oats (soluble) and wheat (insoluble)

Question 18

Examples of hemiceluloses:

Answer 18

NSP: beta d glucans, arabinoxylans in wheat and rye.

Question 19

Why is the crude fiber analysis inaccurate to determine total fiber?

Answer 19

Because it does not include all dietary fiber, CF comprises what is resistant to alkali and acid, which includes celulose, some hemicelulose and some lignin.
Thus part of hemicelulose and lignin, along with pectins and beta glucans that are part of the cell wall is not considered. Also resistant starch is in cell content but not available, is not in CF.

Question 20

What is included in ADF and NDF?

Answer 20

ADF is celulose and lignin, and NDF is hemicelulose, lignin and cellulose.