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Ankle And Foot Anatomy > Foot Boons > Flashcards

Foot Boons Flashcards

1
Q

Sections of the foot

A

SECTIONS
1. FOREFOOT; made up of the 5 toes (phalanges) & the 5 proximal long bones (metatarsals)
2. MIDFOOT; made up of 3 Cuneiform bones, Cuboid bone and Navicular bone
- these form central parts of the foot arches
3. HINDFOOT; (heel & ankle)-contains Talus bone (which supports leg) & the Calcaneus (heel) - I→ lura
✔ midfoot is connected to the hind- and fore-foot by muscles and by the plantar fascia.
-band of tissue (fascia) that connects your heel bone to the base of your toes. It supports the arch of the foot and absorbs shock when walking. Tension and stress on the fascia can cause small tears.
✔ midfoot and forefoot taken together exhibit ;
❖ dorsum (the area facing upwards while standing)
❖ planum (the area facing downwards while standing)

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2
Q

❖ Midfoot + hindfoot =

A

Tarsus

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3
Q

Metatarsus

A

metatarsus of the foot consists of five long bones, which are called the metatarsals (it is the regon)

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4
Q

Achilles Tendon

A

connects heel to calf muscles- essential for running,
jumping & standing on toes

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5
Q

instep

A

instep is the arched part of the top of the foot between the toes and the ankle.

https://i.shgcdn.com/3ca2cf79-b974-485d-b8ed-d3b14d36b016/-/format/auto/-/preview/3000x3000/-/quality/lighter/

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6
Q

Arches

A

3 arches
Two longitudinal arches and a transverse arch, maintained by
✔ interlocking shapes of the foot bones
✔ strong ligaments
✔ pulling action of the muscles during activity
▪ The slight mobility of these arches when weight is applied to and removed from the foot, beware to small bons makes walking and running more energetically feasible sine more force

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7
Q

Foot has two important functions;

A

✔ to support body weight
✔ to propel body forward in walking & running

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8
Q

multiple bones allow foot to

A

✔ adapt to uneven surfaces
✔ assist the forward propulsive movements of gastrocnemius & soleus muscles; this would not be possible with single bone

A segmented structure such as the foot can only hold up weight if it is built in the form of an arch

Foot has three arches, present at birth- 2 longitudinal & 1 transvers

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9
Q

two longitudinal arches

A
  1. medial longitudinal arch
    ❖ curves above the ground
    ❖ stretches from the heel bone over the keystone talus to the three medial metatarsals.
  2. lateral longitudinal arch is very low.
    Cuboid is its keystone,
    it stretches from the calcaneus to the distal ends of the fourth & fifth metatarsals.

The two longitudinal arches serve as pillars for the transverse arch

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10
Q

lteral transvers longetudinal arch vs medial longitudinal arch

A

lteral transvers longetudinal arch vs medial longitudinal arch
key stone coboid talus
from calaneus calaneus
to 4 and 5 metatarsel tree metatarsals

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11
Q

B. One transverse arch-

A

B. One transverse arch-
❖ runs obliquely across the tarsometatarsal joints.
❖ Keystone is the middle 1 (intermediate) cuneiform

https://www.ghoshyoga.org/uploads/1/3/2/4/13243244/arches-of-the-foot_orig.png

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12
Q

MEDIAL vsLATERAL

A

❖ MEDIAL; big toe side - twards the midline
❖LATERAL; little toe side
- away from the midline

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13
Q

PROXIMAL vs DISTAL

A

PROXIMAL: towards ankle - twards the joint
▪ DISTAL: towards toes
- away from the joint

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14
Q

DORSAL vs PLANTAR

A

▪ DORSAL; upper surface of foot
▪ (dorsum)

PLANTAR; lower surface of foot
(planum)

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15
Q

Applied or clinical anatomy

A

is the application of anatomical knowledge to the
diagnosis and treatment of disease.

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16
Q

Varus deformity

A

is a term for the medial (inward) angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint.

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17
Q

Valgus deformity

A

A Valgus deformity is a term for the outward (lateral/left ) angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint. (VALGUS)

a combined deformity with a malpositioning of the firstmetatarsophalangeal jointcaused by a lateral deviation of the great toe and a medial deviation of the first metatarsal bone.

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRKgPAIkzhHdrjYRTriQA5VUHtcgiTgd1f78Q&usqp=CAU

18
Q

Equinus

A

condition in which the upward bending motion of the ankle joint is limited. Someone with equinus lacks the flexibility to bring the top of the foot toward the front of the leg- plantarflexion

https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0909/6780/files/02_22_2017_The_Equinus_Foot_dc04392b-3728-4646-95c7-1be950090e42.jpg?v=1488441692

19
Q

Bunion

A

A joint deformity causing a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe, when there is a hallux valgus

The skin over the bunion might be red and sore

https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/globalassets/figures/a00155f03.jpg

20
Q

forefoot

A

Phalanges-distal, middle and proximal, numbered from medial to lateral.
❖ Each phalanx has
- a distal head;
- a shaft
- a proximal base
* multiple muscle attachments
* distal phalanges bear roughened tuberosity on plantar aspect for attachment to pulp of toe tip
Tubercle - A small, rounded prominence where connective tissues attach.
pulp - the fleshy mass of the plantar aspect of the distal part of the toe.
https://www.google.com/search?q=pulp+toe&client=ms-android-samsung-ss&hl=en&prmd=isvn&sxsrf=ALiCzsb3yd3TdhB1h0app_e0xJj4ZAhsMQ:1665939028956&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC5qbAmuX6AhXdgv0HHdfABQwQ_AUIGigB&biw=384&bih=718&dpr=2.81#imgrc=EwDFajWpfW-frM

❖ Each toe has 3 phalanges except big toe (no. 1) which has only 2 (distal & proximal-no middle!)

Metatarsals- five of each numbered from medial to lateral
big toe no.1 small toe no.5
❖ Each bone, like the phalanges, has
o a distal head
o a shaft
o a proximal bas

21
Q

proximal phalanges

A

FIRST ROW OF THE PHALANGES

✔ are the largest phalanges in the foot
✔ are less thick and longer as compared to distal phalanges;
✔ shaft is convex superiorly and concave inferiorly
✔ shaft is compressed from sides.
✔ base is concave and head contains a trochlear surface for articulation with middle phalanx.

22
Q

middle phalanges

A

SECOND ROW OF THE PHALANGES (absent in 1st toe)
✔ The middle phalanges are short and thick
✔ They are broader as compared to those in first row but are reduced in length

23
Q

distal phalanges

A

THIRD ROW OF THE PHALANGES
✔ These are also known as the distal phalanges
✔ They are small when compared to the others
✔ They bear the nailbeds
❖ All the toes of feet contain one distal phalanx
❖ big toe lacks a middle phala

24
Q

1st. Metatarsal structure

A

1st. Metatarsal

Large & strong; important in bearing weight of body
▪ Head is grooved on its inferior aspect by medial &
lateral sesamoid bones in the tendons of FHB
▪ proximal articular surface (Base) is large and
kidney-shaped; articulates with the medial
cuneiform bone
✔ its circumference is grooved, for the tarsometatarsal
ligaments
✔ medially base gives insertion to part of the tendon of
the tibialis anterior
✔ laterally base gives insertion to part of the tendon of
the peroneus (fibularis) longus

25
Q

5th. Metatarsal

A

5th. Metatarsal

curved longitudinally, so as to be concave
below, slightly convex above; head articulates
with the fifth proximal phalanx.

The base articulates posteriorly, with the cuboid
and medially, with the 4
th metatarsal.
▪ The fifth metatarsal has a prominent tubercle or
tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base; gives
insertion to peroneus (fibularis) brevis
▪ The plantar surface of the base is grooved for
the tendon of the abductor digiti quinti.
▪ A strong band of the plantar aponeurosis
connects the projecting part of the tuberosity
with the lateral process of the tuberosity of the
calcaneus

26
Q

plantar aponeuros

A

connects the projecting part of the tuberosity
with the lateral process of the tuberosity of the
calcaneus

27
Q

fractures of metatarsals 5th

A

base of 5th MT can be fractured during forced inversion of the foot, when the tendon of insertion of peroneus (fibularis) brevis pulls off the base of the metarsal (Avulsion fracture)

A Jones fracture occurs at the base of the 5th MT

Stress fractures of a MT bone are common in joggers & soldiers after long marches; occur most frequently in distal 1/3 of 2,3,4 MT minimal displacement occurs due to attachment of interosseus muscles

28
Q

A Jones fracture

A

e occurs at the base of the
5
th MT

Stress fractures of a MT bone a

29
Q

(Avulsion
fracture)

A

base of 5th MT can be fractured during forced inversion of the foot, when the tendon
of insertion of peroneus (fibularis) brevis pulls off the base of the metarsal (Avulsion fracture

30
Q

Cuneiforms

A

3 small wedge-shaped bones

articulate proximally with Navicular

Articulate distally with 1-3 Metatarsals

Lateral cuneiform articulates laterally with cuboid

Wedge-shape contributes to formation & maintenance of transverse arch

31
Q

CUBOID

A

✔ Proximally; Calcaneum
✔ Distally; 4th & 5thMetatarsals
✔ Medially; Lateral cuneiform & navicular

32
Q

Tarsus

A

the Mid & Hind Foot

Proximal bones
✔ Talus
✔ Calcaneus

Intermediate bone
✔ Navicular

Distal bones
✔ Cuneiform bones (M.I.L.)
✔ Cubo

33
Q

cuboid

A

Dorsal Surface; rough, for the attachment
of ligaments.

Plantar Surface;
peroneal sulcus‐ anteriorly a deep groov for the peroneus (fibularis) longus

Is bounded behind by a prominent ridge, to which the long plantar ligament is attached

The ridge ends laterally in a tuberosity which presents an oval facet where the sesamoid bone or cartilage frequently found in the tendon of the peroneus (fibularis) longus frequently glides

The surface of bone behind the peroneal sulcus is rough, for the attachment of the:
plantar calcaneocuboid ligamen
a few fibres of the flexor hallucis brevis
fasciculus from the tendon of the tibialis posterior

lateral surface - presents a deep notch formed by the bigining of the peroneal sulcus; also see the tuberosity

posterior surface; - articulates with the anterior surface of the calcaneus – the calcaneocuboid joint.

anterior surface - divided by a vertical ridge into two facets, forming the fourth (L) and fifth (M) tarsometatarsal joint

medial surface-
presents a facet, for articulation with the third (lateral) cuneiform;
behind this (occasionally) a smaller facet, for articulation with the navicular bone.
It is rough in the rest of its extent, for the attachment of strong interosseous ligament

34
Q

Navicular

A

located on the medial side of the foot,
and articulates proximally with the
talus, distally with the three cuneiform
bones, and laterally with the cuboid
resembles a small boat, due to strongly concave
proximal articular surface (for talus).

tuberosity of the navicular bone; situated on
medial border of foot, in front of and below medial
malleolus for insertion of tibialis posterior .
✔ Tibialis posterior is the only muuscle that attaches
to the navicular bone

35
Q

CALCANEUM

A

✔Articulates above with the Talus and in front with the cuboid
antirior surface
✔anterior; small & articulates with cuboid
✔superior surface; three articular facets for talus; anterior Middle & Post.
Facets separated by groove (sulcus calcanei)
✔Posterior surface; forms prominence of heel and gives
attachment to the Tendo Achilles
✔Inferior (plantar) surface:
anterior tubercle →in the midline anteriorly and
posteriorly →medial &lateral tubercles (processes)
✔Tuber calcanei (calcanean tuberosity) at the back
Medial view
✔▪ medial surface; has large shelf-sustentaculum tali,which assists in support of talus
✔ Lateral surface; almost flat;
anteriorly small elevation-peroneal tubercle (trochlea)
which seperates tendons of peroneus (fibularis) longus
& peroneus (fibularis) brevis

36
Q

avulsion fractur

A

occurs when a small chunk of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets pulled away from the main part of the bone

37
Q

Calcaneal spur

A

(or heel spur) is a
small osteophyte (bony spur)
located on the calcaneus.
Calcaneal spurs are typically
detected by a radiological
examination (X-ray).

generally no effect However, repeated damage can
cause these deposits
causing a large
calcaneal (or heel) spur - may be
painful.
✔ Obese people, flatfooted people, and
women who constantly wear
high-heeled shoes are most susceptible
to heel spurs.

38
Q

calcaneal sulcus

A

the deep groove separating the anterior and middle articular surfaces from the posterior articular surface

calcaneal sulcus, together with the talar sulcus on the inferior surface of the talus, forms the tarsal canal, which widens laterally into the tarsal sinus.

39
Q

Talus

A

◆ Lots of ligaments are attached to the talus but no
muscle attachments
head;
directed distally;
convex for navicular tuberosity)
; inferiorly rests on
▪ sustentaculum tali behind and
• calcaneonavicular ligament in front

❖ neck;
lies behind head
✔ dorsal surface for ligament
✔ plantar surface

The calcaneal sulcus, together with the talar sulcus on the inferior surface of the talus, forms the tarsal canal, which widens laterally into the tarsal sinus.for the strong interosseous talocalcaneal ligament.
Sinus tarsi =(tunnel between calcaneus & talus
✔ formed by sulcus tali & sulcus calcanei

❖ body; cuboidal;
✔ superior (dorsal) surface presents, behind, a smooth trochlear surface for ticulation with the tibia. In front it is continuous with the upper surface of the neck of the bone.
✔ medial surface = facet for medial malleolus of tibia
✔ lateral surface = facet for lateral malleolus of fibula

✔inferior surface →is large and oval or oblong .
It articulates with the corresponding facet on the
upper surface of the calcaneus

40
Q

Fractures of the Talus

A

fractures occur at neck or body of the Talus

Occur during violent dorsiflexion of the ankle joint when the neck is driven against anterior edge of distal end of tibia

Body of talus can be fractured by jumping from a height, although the two malleoli prevent Displacement of the
fragme

41
Q

TIBIA

A

✔ is slightly expanded and on its inferior aspect shows saddle-shaped articular surface for trochlea of Talus

✔ medial malleolus, -Bone prolonged downwards medially, lateral surface of which articulates with Talus.

✔ Lateral dipression-for articulation with Fibula

42
Q

fibula

A

lower end of fibula forms triangular
lateral malleolus

On medial surface of lateral
malleolus is a facet for articulation
with lateral aspect of Talus

Below and behind articular facet is
malleolar (digital) fossa
malleolar (digital) fossa . _ gives attachment to the posterior talofibular ligament.

Ankle And Foot Anatomy (4 decks)

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