Foot, Ankle, Shin Flashcards
ligaments stabilizing lateral (outside) ankle
Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular
Ligament supporting medial ankle
deltoid
most common ankle injury? why?
inversion sprain
lateral ligaments weaker than medial ligament
mechanism of high ankle sprain
rotary
what are avulsion injuries
sprains where ligament tears off piece of bone
treated as fracture
What does MOI stand for
mechanism of injury
MOI for inversion ankle sprain
foot rolls inward
someone lands on foot
plant and pivot (sudden, rapid direction change)
what does S&S stand for
signs and symtoms
S&S for inversion ankle sprain
1 degree –> pain, mild disability, point tenderness, little loose, minimal swelling if any
2 degree - pain, mild to moderate disability, point tenderness, loss of function, some looseness, mild to moderate swelling, discolouration
3 degree - pain, severe disability, point tenderness, loss of function, laxity, moderate to severe swelling, discolouration
list assessments of inversion ankle sprains
Active ROM
Passive ROM
Resisted ROM
Special tests
what does ROM stand for
Range of motion
what is active ROM
athlete dorsiflexes, plantarflexes, inverts and everts joint themself
what is passive ROM
The therapist/trainer moves the joint
what is resisted ROM
manual strength test in neutral ROM
List special tests for inversion ankle sprain
weight bearing, inversion, eversion (high ankle?)
fracture, talar tilt, anterior drawer, external rotation (Klegar’s test),
squeeze test
ligament “end point” (tapping)
What is plantar fasciitis
micro tears in the plantar fascia at the attachment to the calcaneus
MOI of plantar fasciitis
running/walking –> overtrain, sudden increase in training
tight gastrocnemius
poor arch support in shoes
flat feet
heel spur
S&S of plantar fasciitis
extreme pain in plantar aspect of foot usually in morning, no functional lengthening
point tenderness under the calcaneus
Plantar fasciitis treatment
long arch support
orthotics
heel cup, gel, taping, roller
shockwave
what is turf toe
sprain of ligaments in 1 metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe
MOI of turf toe
forced hyperextension of joint
S&S of turf toe
no weight bear on foot
pain on plantar or medial of 1 MP joint
Limited ROM
tenderness on palpation (TOP)
can’t push off toe or run
MOI of achilles tendonitis
- tight calf/tendon
- foot malalignment
- shoe or surface change
- sudden increased workload
- exercise environment change
- no blood supply and lots of force 2 cm away from distal attachment
S&S of Achilles tendonitis
Acute –> aching/burning pain at posterior heel (increases with plantar flexion), point tenderness at insertion, nodules in the area
Chronic –> Pain worsens after activity, thickened tendon, pain at posterolateral heel, tight gastrocsoleus complex
Anterior causes of shin splints
compartment syndrome
stress fracture of tibia
exercise-induced
S&S of shin splits
- dull pain before and after activity
- as condition worsens, pain is constant
- point tenderness along distal posteromedial tibial border (3-6cm area)
- pain with resisted plantar flexion (standing on “tip toes”)
Treatment of shin splints
rest, stretching, analysis of long arch, gait, footwear, tape, orthotics
What is compartment syndrome
stress that causes increased swelling in the compartment, puts pressure on nerves and vessels
acute and chronic causes of compartment syndrome
acute –> direct hit to anterolateral aspect of tibia, tibial fracture
Chronic –> exercise-induced (overuse)
S&S of compartment syndrome
change in training or recent trauma
firm mass, redness, tight/shiny skin
loss of sensation/motor control
weak/no distal pulse
inability to dorsiflex and extend big toe
acute: abnormal function within 30min of trauma
What symptom of compartment syndrome notifies need for ER
skin is red, hot and shiny, little distal pluse
emergency surgery required to release pressure and anatomical damage
what is exertional compartment syndrome
exercised induced pain and swelling, relieved with rest
50-60% is anterior compartment
20-30% is deep posterior compartmet
Acute and chronic cause of exertional compartment syndrom
acute –> sedentary person suddenly increases activity
chronic –> happens to anyone including athletess
S&S of exertional compartment syndrome
bilateral occurence
aching pain is better 20min after activity
predictable onset (time or intensity)
point tenderness present, no particular point
treatment of exertional compartment syndrome
assessment of extrinsic and intrinsic factors
RICE, meds, stretch/strengthen
Surgery required if symptoms continue
