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1. Anatomy (Royal College Exam Prep) > Foot/Ankle/Lower leg > Flashcards

Foot/Ankle/Lower leg Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the common accessory bone of the talus?

why does it form?

A

Os trigonum.

It sits posterior to the talus on the lateral foot radiograph and represents a failure of fusion of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process.

It is estimated to be present in ~7% of adults.

The ossicle usually forms between 7-13 years of age and fuses with the talus in a majority of patients, otherwise persisting as an os trigonum.

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2
Q

What attaches to the posterior process of the talus?

A

Posterior talofibular ligament. It attaches to the lateral tubercle of the posterior process

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3
Q

What runs under the posterior process of the talus?

A

Tendon of FHL - between lateral and medical tubercles

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4
Q

What structure wraps directly under the sustentaculum?

A

FHL tendon

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5
Q

What runs in the sinus tarsi? Name all structures.

A
  1. Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
  2. cervical ligament
  3. medial, intermediate and lateral roots of the inferior extensor retinaculum
  4. artery of tarsal sinus

(artery of tarsal canal runs in the canal, which is the continuation of the sinus)

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6
Q

What parts of the talus articulate with the calcaneus?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior articular facets

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7
Q

Describe the blood supply to the talus. What is the main supply?

A
  • Main blood supply is from the posterior tibial artery through the deltoid branches
  • Peroneal artery has the least contribution

All 3 terminal arteries have a contribution though:

  • posterior tibial a. (MAIN SUPPLY) - deltoid branch to BODY, artery of tarsal CANAL
  • Anterior tibial/dorsalis pedis aa.–branch to dorsal head/neck, contributes to artery of tarsal SINUS
  • perforating peroneal aa. - contributes to artery of tarsal SINUS - supply head/neck, lateral body
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9
Q

What is the Lisfranc ligament?

A

Interosseous portion of the oblique ligament from medial cuneiform to 2nd MT base

3 components of the lisfranc ligament complex:

Dorsal - IO - Plantar

IO is the strongest.

Fails - dorsal, plantar, then IO

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10
Q

What are the components of the Lisfranc ligament? which is the strongest one? weakest?

A

Dorsal (weakest), plantar and interosseous (strongest)

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11
Q

What is the Chopart joint?

A

The midtarsal joint, comprising the talonavicular & Calcaneocuboid joints

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12
Q

What are the ligamentous components of the ankle syndesmosis?

A

AITFL

PITFL

Interosseous membrane (IoM)

Interosseous ligament (IoL)

Inferior transverse ligament (ITL) (really just the distal fibrocartilagenous component of the PITFL)

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13
Q

What are the components of the deltoid ligaments of the ankle?

A

Superficial: - Tibionavicular & Tibiocalcaneal

Deep: - Anterior & posterior tibiotalar

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14
Q

What is an Os Navicular? What are the 3 types?

A

Accessory navicular.

Type 1: Sesamoid within the distal part of the tendon

Type 2: Attachment to the posterior tibialis tendon, separated by synchondrosis

type 3: enlargement of navicular

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15
Q

What benign structure can often be confused with a Lisfranc Injury?

A

Os intermetatarseum

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16
Q

What are the plantar layers of the foot?

A

4 layers:

1st:

  • Abductor hallucis brevis
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
  • plantar fascia

2nd:

  • Quadratus plantae
  • Lumbricals
  • FHL tendon
  • FDL tendon

3rd:

  • Flexor hallucis brevis
  • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • Adductor hallucis

4th:

  • Dorsal interossei
  • Plantar interossei
  • (also tendons of peroneus longus and tib post)

1st layer (from medial to lateral):

Abductor Hallucis (medial)

Flexor Digitorum Brevis (Middle)

Abductor digiti minimi (lateral)

Plantar fascia

Specifics:

flexor digitorum brevis (=FDS) - medial plantar nerve. Flexes toes in any ankle position

Arises from the medial calcaneus and inserts into the sides of each middle phalanx excluding the great toe.

ABductor Hallucis - medial plantar nerve, great toe abduction

Arises from the medial calcaneus and flexor retinaculum and inserts into the medial base of the proximal first phalanx

ABductor digiti minimi - lateral plantar nerve. Abducts 5th toe.

Arises from the medial and lateral processes of the calcaneus deep to Flexor Dig Brevis. Inserts into the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of 5th toe.

2nd layer:

  • consists of the long flexors

Tendon of Flexor digitorum longus (medial)

Tendon of Flexor hallucis longus (adjacent but crosses underneath to run most medial)

Quadratus planae AKA Flexor accessorius (Two heads coming off either side of the calcaneus)

Lumbricals (arises from FDL similar to the hand)

Specifics

Tendon of FDL (tibial nerve) enters the foot medial to FHL but then passes over it. It then splits into 4 and receives insertion from Flexor Accesorius. The tendons pass deep to FDB and give off the lumbricals (medially). Each tendon then enters the fibrous sheath of the lateral 4 toes each perforating the FDB to insert into the base of the distal phalanx (also medially)

Tendon of Flexor Hallucis Longus - Tibial nerve. Passes forward medial like a bowstring beneath the medial longitudinal arch. It is passed over by FDL and it gives off two strong slips to the medial two digits. It lies in a groove between two small sesamoid bones beneath the head of the first metatarsal and inserts into the distal phalanx of the large tow. It is invested by a synovial sheath throughout its whole course in the foot.

- Quadratus plantae (Flexor Accessorius) - lateral plantar nerve. Arises from the medial and lateral aspects of the calcaneus. The posterior part of the long plantar ligament is visible through the two heads. It converges and then inserts into the tendon FDL before it splits. Allows for flexion of the toes with the foot plantar flexed.

Lumbricals - arise from the tendon of FDL (like the lumbricals in the hand arise from FDS). Unlike their counterpart in the hand, they pass medially to the digit into which they insert. The tendons lie on the plantar aspect of the deep transverse metatarsal ligaments (similar to the hand lumbricals which lie volarly). They insert into the extensor expansions.

The medial (1st) lumbrical is unipennate with origin from the first tendon of FDL and attaches to the second digit medially. It is innervated by the medial plantar nerve

The lateral 3 lumbricals are all bipennate arising from both adjacent tendons and inserting medially into their respective extensor expansions

They all function to extend the interphalangeal joints while FDL are flexing the toes

*** Lumbricals innervated by the medial plantar and median nerve are Unipennate

*** Lumbricals innervated by the lateral plantar and ulnar nerve are multipennate.

3rd layer: Consists of 3 muscles. 2 act on big toe, one on small toe. Confined to the metatarsal area.

Flexor Hallucis Brevis (medial)

Adductor Hallucis brevis (middle)

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (lateral)

Specifics

- Flexor hallucis brevis - medial plantar nerve. Has common origin but splits into two heads. Arises from the cuboid and the lateral cuneiform. It splits into two muscle bellies which are inserted BY WAY OF SESAMOID BONE into the medial and lateral sides of the base of the plantar, proximal great toe.

Adductor Hallucis brevis - Lateral plantar nerve. ADDucts and functions to maintain the transverse arch. Has two heads, Oblique and Transverse. The oblique head is large and wide, it arises from the long plantar ligament and the bases of the 2nd thru fourth metatarsals. The Transverse head is slender and has no bony origin. It arises from the deep transverse ligament and the plantar ligaments of the lateral MTP joints. The two heads unite before insertion into the proximal phalanx of the big toe.

Flexor digiti minimi Brevis - lateral plantar nerve. Arises from the base of the 5th MT and the adjoining fibrous peroneus longus. Lies along the 5th MT bone and inserts into the base of the proximal phalanx medially to the insertion of Abductor digiti minimi

4th layer: Consists of the Interossei

Interossei - Also follow the DAB and PAD rule, all are innervated by the lateral plantar nerve (similar to the ulnar in the hand). The important thing to remember is that the longitudinal axis of the foot is shifted medially as compared to the hand such that the axis lies thru the 2nd digit (not the third like the hand).

Like the hand the 3! plantar interossei are smaller and arise from the bone on the toe on which they act. The bulkier 4! dorsal interossei arise from 2 heads from the 2 MTs between which it lies.

The 3 plantar interossei adduct towards the second toe. Digits 3,4 and 5 each have a plantar interossei which pass dorsal to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament. The insert into the dorsal expansion as well as the proximal phalanges.

The 4 dorsal interossei abduct away from the second toe. As such, the 2nd dorsal interossei attaches to the medial second toe. The second to the lateral second toe. The third to the lateral third toe and the fourth to the lateral fourth toe. The also attach to the dorsal expansion as well as the proximal phalanges.

ACTION - their AD/ABduction function is not really important, more so is their ability to assist the lumbricals in extending the IP joints and flexing the MTP joints.

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17
Q

What are the muscles in the dorsal intrinsic compartment of the foot?

A

Extensor hallucis brevis (deep peroneal nn)

Extensor digitorum brevis (deep peroneal nn)

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18
Q

What is the Master Knot of Henry? Why is it important?

which of the two structures is dorsal/plantar?

A

Crossing between the FHL and FDL in the foot

Important as dividing it allows access to the deeper layers of the foot and because it can be a site of graft harvest (either FHL or FDL tendon transfers)

FHL is dorsal to FDL which is plantar

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19
Q

What are the compartments of the foot and their key structures?

A

Compartments:

  • Calcaneal - QP, PostTib nn and aa, Med/Lat plantar nn
  • Adductor - AD Hallucis
  • Interossei - 4 interossei
  • Medial - FHB, Abd Hallucis
  • Lateral - ADM, FDM
  • Superficial - FDL, lumbricals, FDB

HINDFOOT

1) Calcaneal

Quadratus plantae

Posterior tibial nerve, aa, vv

Lateral plantar nerve, aa, vv

medial plantar nn, aa,vv (sometimes in the superficial)

FOREFOOT

2) Interosseous x 4

interossei

3) Adductor

adductor hallucis

4,5,and 6 are FULL LENGTH

4) Medial

FHB

Abductor hallucis

5) Lateral

Abductor Digiti Minimi

Flexor Digiti Minimi

6) Superficial

flexor digitorum brevis

FDL

lumbricals

possibly the medial plantar nerve

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20
Q

What are the borders and contents of the tarsal tunnel?

A

Floor: talus, Calcaneus (sustentaculum tali, medial wall)

Roof: Lacinate ligament (flexor retinaculum)

Contents: TP, FDL, PT artery, vein, Tibial nerve, FHL “Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry”

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21
Q

What is Baxter’s Nerve? What is it’s clinical significance?
What layer does it run in?

What mm does it innervate?

A

1st branch of the lateral plantar nerve It runs obliquely plantarly on quadratus plantae It’s a cause of medial heel pain if impinged (dDx of plantar fascitis)

Runs between layer 1 and 2 FDB (1) and QP (2)

Innervates ADM

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22
Q

Where does the Plantaris tendon insert? be specific.

A

Medial to the achilles tendon. It may be a part of the achilles tendon but it will still be on the medial side

Origin: posterolateral lateral femoral condyle.

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23
Q

What structures combine to form the Sural Nerve?

A

Medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerves

Lateral: branch of common peroneal nerve

Medial: branch of tibial nerve

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24
Q

What does the Sural nerve run with? On which side is the nerve?

A

Runs with short saphenous vein and it is lateral to it

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25
Q

Where does the superficial peroneal nerve pierce the fascia and become subcutaneous?

A

10-12cm proximal to the tip of the lateral malleolus

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26
Describe the posterolateral approach to the Ankle:
Position: Prone or supine w/ large bump Incision: posterior border of fibula, centered around fracture Plane: FHL (tibial) & peroneal muscles (sup. peroneal) can also go anterior to peroneals depending on target anatomy Dangers: Do not take off PITFL (devitalizes segments), Sural nerve Short saphenous
27
Describe the posteromedial approach to the ankle:
Position: supine Incision: 10cm vertical incision, can curve towards foot. Midway between the medial mall and the achilles. Plane: pick optimal interval: Tibialis posterior & flexor digitorum longus (both tibial) OR FHL and NV bundle OR FDL and NV bundle Dangers: posterior tibial artery and vein, tibial nerve
28
Describe the anterior approach to the ankle:
Position: supine Incision: 15cm incision over ankle joint, between the 2 malleoli, beginning 10cm proximal to ankle joint **Plane:** Workhorse is the interval between EHL and EDL **The tendons from med to lateral are:** 1. Above retinaculum: 1. TA----**NVB**----EHL----EDL 2. Below retinaculum: 1. TA----EHL--**--NVB--**--EDL Can use any of these intervals Dangers: Superficial peroneal nerve, Neurovascular bundle
29
Where does the neurovascular bundle of the anterior compartment of the leg run a) above and b) below the ankle joint level?
Bundle includes deep peroneal nerve and anterior tibial artery Above joint, runs between EHL and tib-ant. At the joint, crosses behind extensor hallucis longus then below, it runs between EHL and EDB (EDB is bit more medial than EDL)
30
What is the innervation of peroneus tertius?
Deep peroneal nerve * *Origin:** Arises with the extensor digitorum longus from the medial fibular shaft surface and the anterior intermuscular septum (between the extensor digitorum longus and the tibialis anterior) * *Insertion:** Dorsal surface of the base of the fifth metatarsal * *Action:** Works with the extensor digitorum longus to dorsiflex, evert and abduct the foot * *Innervation:** Deep peroneal nerve * *Arterial Supply:** Anterior tibial artery
31
what are normal ankle syndesmosis measurements on XRay? what views?
MEAURED ON AP **Tibiofibular overlap** - normal \>6 mm on AP view - normal \>1 mm on mortise view **Tibiofibular clearspace** (1cm proximal to the plafond, from anterior incisura to the medial fibula) - normal \<5 mm on both AP and mortise views **Medial clear space** -normal less than or equal to 4 mm
32
How much of the talus is covered with articular cartilage?
60%
33
What are parts of the posterior process of the talus? What attaches here? What are the eponymous names associated with fractures here?
* Medial and lateral tubercles * Posterior talofibular ligament attaches to lateral tubercle. * Posterior 1/3 of deep deltoid attaches to the medial tubercle **Fractures of the posterior process:** * injury to lateral tubercle (also called a **Shepherd** fracture) is caused by inversion or extreme equinus - snowboarder's fracture * injury to medial tubercle (also called a **Cedell** fracture) is uncommon and is caused by forced dorsiflexion and pronation (avulsion type injury)
34
What are the different facets of the body of the talus?
Anterior Medial Posterior Articulates with the Anterior, medial, and posterior facets of the calcaneus respectively
35
What bony structure supports the middle articular facet of the talus? What attaches to it and runs underneath it?
Sustentaculum tali Attachments: Anteriorly: plantar calcaneonavicular ligament Medially: deltoid ligament Flexor hallucis longus runs in a groove under it - FHL runs between the medial and lateral tubercles of the posterior process of the calcaneus and then runs under sustentaculum tali of the medial calcaneus
36
From medial to lateral, what are the order of the extrinsic extensor tendons to the ankle distal to ankle joint?
Tibialis anterior, EHL, EDL, Per Tertius (EDB is intrinsic)
37
What bones does the talus articulate with?
4 bones: - Tibia: via trochlea and medial articular process - Fibula: via the lateral aticular facet - Calcaneus - Navicular
38
What are the talar and calcaneal bony components of the sinus tarsi?
Talar: sulcus tali (talar sulcus) Calcaneus: calcaneal sulcus These 2 halves form the sinus tarsi
39
What is the sinus tarsi? What are its boundaries?
Anatomical space that is medially continuous with the much narrower tarsal canal **Boundaries:** Superior: talus Inferior: calcaneus Anterior: Anterior facet of subtalar joint Posterior: posterior facet of the subtalar joint Contents: * lateral cervical ligament * medial talocalcaneal interosseous ligament (ligament of the sinus tarsi) * Sinus tarsi artery
40
What inserts into the navicular tuberosity?
Tibialis posterior
41
What 2 muscles attaches to the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal of the foot?
Tibialis anterior, peroneus longus
43
What constitutes the lateral fibular ligaments of the ankle? which is weakest? strongest?
Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) - weakest - an intracapsular thickening Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) - deepest, strongest Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) - longest - narrow cord covered by peroneus longus and brevis
44
What position will tighten the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)?
Plantarflexion - So it's crucial to make sure position is correct with testing
45
What position will tighten the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)?
Inversion in neutral flexion
46
What is the origin and insertion of the spring ligament?
AKA plantar calcaneonavicular ligament Origin: sustantaculum tali Insertion: navicular
47
Which is stronger, deltoid complex or the lateral fibular ligaments?
Deltoid are stronger - Remember, it's easier to have an inversion injury of the ankle
48
What is the lisfranc ligament?
Oblique interosseous ligament between MEDIAL cuneiform and 2nd MT - Strongest of the lisfranc ligaments
49
What is the order of failure of the lisfranc ligament?
Dorsal, then plantar, then interosseous - Interossous is the strongest component of the lisfranc ligament
50
What is an os intermetatarseum and what should it not be confused with?
Accessory bone found between the medial cuneiform and 1st/2nd metatarsal bases - May be independent or an exostosis-like process - Should not be confused with a fracture of the base of the 2nd MT in a lisfranc injury
51
Describe the compartment release of the foot
midfoot dorsal incision over MT 2 (open interosseous compartments between 1,2 and 2,3) and MT4 (open interosseous compartment between 3,4 and 4,5) medial calcaneus incision to access calcaneal compartment and all full length compartments (medial, lateral, superficial
52
How do you tell the difference between a fractured hallux sesamoid and a bipartite hallux sesamoid?
The 2 fracture fragments of a sesamoid fit together wheras a bipartite does not... - And also clinically (pain)
53
What is the innervation of the dorsal intrinsic layer of the foot?
Deep peroneal nerve
55
What are the borders of the tarsal tunnel? It's contents?
Floor: medial talus, sustentaculum tali, medial calcaneal wall Roof: Lacinate ligament (flexor retinaculum) Contents: Tom, Dick And Very Nervous Harry
56
What are the branches of the tibial nerve?
3 branches - Medial calcaneal branch - Medial plantar nerve - Lateral plantar nerve - 90% of the time, bifurcation is within the tarsal tunnel, otherwise, it's proximal to it
57
what is the: chaput fragment Volkmann fragment Wagstaff fragment
Chaput fragment: anteriolateral tubercle of the tibia Wagstaff fragment: anterior tubercle of the fibula Volkman's fragment: posterolateral tubercle of the tibia
58
What is the constant fragment in the tibia? calcaneus? Why is it called that?
Volkman's fragment (posterolateral tubercle of the tibia) or sustentaculum fragment in a calcaneus Called that b/c in a pilon fracture, it stays in it's anatomic location, being "constant" - only if fibula already anatomically reduced. You can use it to build off of. similiarly in a calc frx
59
What is the OI of the Bifurcate ligament?
AKA internal Calcaneocuboid, interosseous ligament or bifurcate ligament O: Calaneus I: cuboid and navicular he bifurcate ligament is a strong Y-shaped band. It is attached by its stern proximally to the anterior part of the upper calcaneal surface, and distally it divides into calcaneocuboid and calcaneonavicular parts. The (medial) calcaneocuboid ligament extends to the dorsomedial aspect of the cuboid, forming a main bond between the two rows of tarsal bones; the (lateral) calcaneonavicular ligament is attached to the dorsolateral aspect of the navicular.
60
What is the OI of the long plantar ligament?
Calcaneocuboid-metatarsal ligament O: calcaneus O: Cuboid & 2nd, 3rd and 4th MT
61
What is the OI of the short plantar ligament?
Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament O: calcaneus I: Cuboid
62
What is the OI of the spring ligament?
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament O: Calcaneus I: Navicular
63
Peroneus longus runs anterior/posterior to brevis through the fibroosseous tunnel?
Posterior
64
What is Morton's neuroma?
Neuroma of a digital nerve, most commonly between 2nd/3rd MT
65
What is the primary stabilizer of the MTP joints?
Plantar plate (primary stabilizer) Also collaterals: MCL/LCL
66
What muscle inserts onto the tibial and fibular sesamoids of the 1st MT head?
FHB
67
What is the OI of the Plantar Aponeurosis?
O: Medial Calcaneal tubercle I: thick fibrous structure sending slips to prox phalanx of each toe
69
What is the primary restraint to lateral instability of the peroneal tendons? What structures form the fibroosseus tunnel at the level of the distal fibula?
Superior peroneal retinaculum, 3.5mm proximal to the tip of the distal fibula Fibroosseous tunnel: * Groove in fibula * Fibrocartilaginous ridge * Superior Peroneal Retinacular ligament
70
What is the OINA of extensor digitorum brevis?
O: superolateral calcaneus I: base of proximal phalanges N: Deep peroneal nerve A: Extends MTPJ
71
What is the OINA of extensor hallucis brevis?
O: Superolateral calcaneus I: Base of proximal 1st phalanx N: Deep peroneal nerve A: Extends great toe MTPJ
73
What is the OINA of abductor hallucis?
O: Calcaneal tuberosity I: Base of great toe, proximal phalanx N: Medial plantar A: Abducts great toe
74
What is the OINA of Flexor digitorum brevis?
O: Calcaneal tuberosity I: middle phalanges of 2-5th toes N: Medial plantar A: Flex toes at PIPJ analagous to FDS of the hand - it splits to allow FDL tendon passing thru to distal phalanx
75
OINA abductor digiti minimi
O: Calcaneal tuberosity I: Base of 5th toe (prox phal) N: Lateral plantar A: Abducts 5th toe
76
OINA lumbricals
O: FDL: medial side I: proximal phalanx: medial side N: medial and lateral plantar nerves A: Flex MTP, extend IP (same as in hand)
77
OINA Quadratus plantae
O: Medial and lateral calcaneus I: FDL tendon N: Lateral plantar nerve A: Flex distal phalanges
78
OINA flexor hallucis brevis
O: Cuboid, lateral cuneiform I: Proximal phalanx great toe thru the tibial and peroneal sesamoids N: Medial plantar A: flex great toe
79
OINA adductor hallucis
O: 1. **Oblique head**: 2-4th proximal MT 2. **Transverse head**: plantar Metatarsal ligaments of D3-5 I: Lateral proximal phalanx great toe N: Lateral plantar nerve A: adduct great toe
80
OINA flexor digiti minimi brevis
O: Base 5th MT I: 5th toe, proximal phalanx N: Lateral plantar nerve A: Flex 5th MTPJ
81
OINA dorsal interossei?
x4 O: Metatarsals I: Dorsal extensors N: Lateral plantar nerve A: abduct toes. Also, together with the plantar interossei, the dorsal interossei also produce flexion at the metatarsophalangeal joints.
82
OINA plantar interossei
x3 O: 3-5th MT I: Proximal phalanges medially N: Lateral plantar nerve A: Adduct toes
83
What are the terminal branches of the tibial nerve?
Medial calcaneal Medial plantar Lateral plantar
84
Describe the course of the dorsalis pedis artery?
Continuation of Anterior tibial artery Travels down foot lateral to EHL Gives off branches: 1. Medial and lateral Tarsal branhces 2. Arcuate artery: passes over dorsal TMT joint, deep to tendons 3. Deep Plantar artery - large branch that dives deep through 1st/2nd webspace at MT bases 1. This forms the deep plantar arch 2. DP ends as digital arteries
85
Where does the tibial nerve bifurcate into its terminal branches?
90% of the time, bifurcation is within tarsal tunnel Otherwise, proximal to it
86
What innervates the plantar foot muscles?
Tibial nerve Medial plantar nerve: medial foot: - Abductor hallucis brevis - FHB - 1st lumbrical - FDB Lateral plantar nerve: all the rest
87
What are the terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery?
Medial and lateral plantar arteries - These follow the same path as the corresponding nerves
88
Name and describe the windows of the posteromedial approach to the ankle
Lateral to FHL: - Between FHL (medial) and peroneals (lateral) Medial to FHL: - Between FHL (lateral) and NV bundle (medial) - Between FHL/NV bundle (lateral) and FDL (Medial) - FDL (Medial) and tib post Cut all tendons (not sure where this comes from, probably in posteromedial release in kids)
89
Describe the arthroscopic portals for ankle arthroscopy and their main dangers
**Anterolateral portal:** Medial to lateral malleolus, lateral to peroneus tertius Danger: intermediate dorsal cutaneous branch of superficial peroneal nerve (Other branch is the medial dorsal branch) **Anteromedial portal:** Medial to tibialis anterior and lateral to medial malleolus Danger: Saphenous nerve & vein **Posterolateral portal:** Medial to peroneal tendons, lateral to achilles Danger: sural nerve, small saphenous vein **Posteromedial portal:** Can injure posterior tibial artery
91
what muscle(s)/tendon(s) attach to the talus?
nothing
92
cuboid has a groove along its plantar aspect - what runs in it?
Peroneus longus
93
proximal tibia fractures deform into what position? why?
procurvatum (quads tendon) and valgus (Pes anserinus)
94
what does the lateral compartment of the leg contain?
peroneus longus peroneus brevis superficial peroneal nerve (no arteries)
95
What neurovascular bundle(s) are in the deep posterior compartment of the leg? Name each component
* Tibial nerve * Posterior tibial artery and veins * peroneal artery and veins
96
Describe the path of the tibial nerve from start to finish
starts as bundle of the sciatic nerve which splits into tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve at top of popliteal fossa tibial nerve gives off medial sural cutaneous nerve in popliteal fossa, then goes between heads of gastroc lies superficial to plantaris and popliteus dives deep to soleus through fibrous arch enters deep posterior compartment, travels just deep to transverse IM septum runs with posterior tibial a and v, between FHL and FDL stays between them and wraps behind medial malle in tarsal tunnel gives off medial calcaneal branch (lateral calcaneal branch comes form sural nerve). These branches often perforate the lacinate ligament enters tarsal tunnel, bifurcates into medial and lateral plantar nerves exits tunnel (both) and runs between 1st and 2nd plantar layer MPN is deep to abductor hallucis LPN is obliquely superficial to quad plantae LPN gives off baxter's nerve
97
Describe the sensory distribution of the plantar foot--be specific
central and medial heel: medial calcaneal branch of tibial nerve lateral foot and heel: sural nerve medla foot: saphenous nerve D1-half of D4: medial plantar nerve D5 to half of D4: lateral plantar nerve
98
describe the path of the common peroneal n.
branches from sciatic nerve at top of popliteal fossa runs posterior to biceps femoris tendon crosses superfiical to lateral head of gastroc here it gives off lateral sural cutaneous nerve main nerve continues just lateral to soleus and winds around fibular neck, deep to peroneus longus divides into sup and deep per. n.
99
describe the path of the deep peroneal n from start to finish
common peroneal n splits deep to peroneus longus after wraps around fibular neck deep peroneal n pierces the anterior IM septum (going from lateral to anterior compartment) and travels along anterior surface of IOM travels with anterior tibia a and branches to each muscle in that compartment passes deep to the extensor retinaculums (superior and inferior) above ankle joint, travels between tib-ant and EHL crosses under EHL at ankle and below it travels between EHL and EDL continues down to first web space for senation
100
describe the path of the superficial peroneal n from start to finish
branches from common peroneal deep to peroneus longus. continues here within superficial compartment up against anterior IM septum travels along lateral fibula for proximal 1/3 then between per longus and brevis heads anterior distally and travels between EDL and per brevis (still within superficial compartment, along IOM) pierces fascia 10-12cm above lateral malleolus to become superifical within fat just anterior to fibula bifurcates (variable location) into medial dorsal cutaneous n. (supplies medial foot dorsum) and intermediate dorsal cutaneous n (supplies lateral foot dorsum
101
describe the path of the sural nerve from start to finish (all branches and how they relate)
common peroneal n gives off lateral sural cutaneous n in popliteal fossa and then travels subcutaneously along lateral gastroc tibial n gives off medial sural cutaneous n in popliteal fossa which travels between heads of gastroc along with short saphenous v DEEP to deep fascia (no sensory fxn yet) pierces fascia in middle of calf to become subcutaneous joins up with a branch from lateral sural cutaneous - becomes the sural nerve itself sural n travels with short saphenous v (lateral to v) and runs between lateral mall and achilles - more proximal=closer to achilles, more distal=closer to lateral mall gives off lateral calcaneal branches terminates as lateral dorsal cutaneous n on lateral side of foot/5th toe
102
Describe the path of the saphenous nerve from where it exits hunter's canal to finish
exits hunter's canal it descends vertically along the medial side of the knee behind the sartorius, pierces the fascia lata, between the tendons of the Sartorius and Gracilis, and becomes subcutaneous. gives off infrapatellar branch that crosses inferior to patella also give off branches called medial crural cutaneous branches supplies sensation to medial leg, running with great saphenous vein continues just anterior to medial mall to innervate skin on medial/dorsal foot.
103
describe the path of the great saphenous vein
starts as dorsal vein of hallux and merges with dorsal venous arch passes anterior to medial malle (with saphenous n) and goes up medial side of leg at level of knee, lies posterior to medial epicondyle goes up medial thigh passes through fossa ovalis AKA saphenous opening in the cribiform fascia drains into femoral vein
104
describe the path of the popliteal artery
superficial femoral artery becomes popliteal artery when it enters popliteal fossa between biceps and semi-M in popliteal fossa (lateral to medial) tibial n, pop v, pop ARTERY (most medial) lies behind posterior horn of lateral meniscus, about 9mm from the posterior tib plateau with knee flexed to 90 superfiical to popliteus (like popliteal n) deep to gastroc/soleus, passes under fibrous arch of soleus bifurcates at distal aspect of popliteus into anterior tibial a. and tibioperoneal trunk tibioperoneal trunk divides into posterior tiibal a. and peroneal a about 2.5cm below pop fossa
105
describe the path of the anterior tibial artery
branches from popliteal artery and passes between 2 heads of tib post pierces IOM into anterior compartment runs down with deep peroneal n (medial to nerve) along anterior aspect of IOM first branch: anterior tibial recurrent artery stays between EHL and tib ant until ankle crosses under EHL at ankle then lies between EHL and EDL becomes dorsalis pedis artery
106
describe the path of the posterior tibial artery
tibioperoneal trunk divides, giving off posterior tibial artery (deep to soleus, superficial to tib post but within deep posterior compartment) posterior tibial artery runs with tibial nerve, still superficial to tib post gives off nutrient artery to tibia itself follows path of tibial nerve- becomes medial and lateral plantar arteries at tarsal tunnel - tom dick And very nervous harry
107
describe the path of the peroneal artery
tibioperoneal trunk giveso ff this branch, superficial to tib post, deep to soleus stays within deep posterior compartment runs deep to FHL becomes perforating peroneal artery - passes from posterior to anterior compartment through IOM abotu 5 cm proximal to the ankle joint. supplies talus gives off lateral calcaneal branch
108
what muscles does the medial plantar n supply?
abd hallucis fdb fhb 1st lumbrical (all others on plantar foot supplied by lateral plantar n)
109
What tendon runs above the peroneal tubercle? Below?
Peroneus Brevis above Longus below

1. Anatomy (Royal College Exam Prep) (11 decks)

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