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AS Geography > Food Supply Issues > Flashcards

Food Supply Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

Malnutrition

A

The lack of proper nutrition resulting from a poorly balanced diet.

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2
Q

Undernutrition

A

Below the minimum level of dietary energy (calorie) consumption. The dept. of health estimates this at 2250kcal.

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3
Q

Dietary Energy Supply

A

Estimate of average daily per person energy available for human consumption, in the total food supply during a given period.

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4
Q

Global agriculture production

A

Has been increasing since 1960s faster than world pop.
LEDCs produce and consume more than MEDCs as:
- higher pop. growth rates
- increasing GDP
- better responsiveness of demand to income growth (China, Brazil).

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5
Q

MEDCs have a slower growth of demand because…

A
  • higher per capita consumption
  • slow growth of population
  • slower growth in demand for lots of commodities (N. America, Russia, Europe)
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6
Q

Last 15 years the agri net production was increasing by 2.2% annually

A

LEDCs : inc by 3.4%
MEDCs: inc by 0.2%

LEDCs are 67% of world agri net production

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7
Q

Average calorie consumption of richest countries?

A

More than 3000 per day per person.

N. America, Europe, Australia

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8
Q

Average calorie consumption of Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

Less than 2200 per day per person

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9
Q

Unbalanced diets in MEDCs and LEDCs

A

Cereals provide energy, don’t contain other nutrients.
Poor countries: Diets are 75% cereals (malnutrition).
Rich countries: fat and obesity (cv diseases, high blood pressure)

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10
Q

Global patterns of food supply

A

Enough food for everyone, but not distributed evenly so not everyone gets enough.

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11
Q

Global trade has grown in last 50 years, why?

A
  • fail to include agri fully in negotiations which reduced taxes. Negotiated under general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT).
  • domestic support policies in MEDCs (help for producers in own countries).
  • in LEDCs policies that promoted changing what they buy in, at expense of international trade.
  • growth of agricultural exports in LEDCs will hold back as most of the produce (tea, cocoa) was aimed at saturated markets in MEDCs.
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12
Q

Agricultural trade is still important for who?

A

Australia, France, USA, New Zealand.

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13
Q

Geographical Flows of world food trade

A
  • mid latitude grain areas to USA, Canadian prairies and W. Europe. The grain is for developed countries markets.
  • tropical produce (Caribbean, S. America) to temperate regions (UK) as they can’t grow them.
  • Plantations: bananas, tea, pineapples, palm oil. Development: cheap air transport allows luxuries to join to supermarket chains in developed countries.
  • meat: tropical to temperate.
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14
Q

Genetic modification

A

Example: USA and China
It increases food production as if good/fast growth DNA is used, food will grow quicker.
Adv: solve food shortages, reduce chemicals used, large profits.
Disadv: health risks, long term effects of consumption are unknown, only available to rich farmers.

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15
Q

Land Reform

A

Example: Brazil
It increases food production by putting small bits of land together to form economically viable units.
Adv: fair distribution of ownership, ordinary farmers focus on domestic food, overcome labour and land inefficiencies.
Disadv: some people lose land.

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16
Q

Land Colonisation

A

Example: Java, Brazil, Indonesia (part of transmigration).
Increases food production as increase in land use, more for growing crops.
Adv: transmigration development schemes introduced by Dutch, offer migrants a house and plot to farm - increased production.
Disadv: destruction of rainforest.

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17
Q

Commercialisation

A

Example: Kenya (sweetcorn)
Increased food production for richer countries. Residents of Kiberia used sewage water to develop farming areas in squatter settlements - sell produce in markets.
Adv: 100,000 small scale farmers supported
Disadv: food security is reduced, taking land of production of food for locals.

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18
Q

Appropriate Technology

Diguettes or stone-lines

A

Example: Donkey Plough Charity, Sudan, Africa, Diguettes- Burkina Faso, Drip Irrigation - Kenya India
Increases food production as if technology for growing crops is suited to environment, it will grow better. Diguettes stop soil washing away, wet soil - crops grow better.
Adv: suited to local conditions, most families have donkeys so poor farmers can now grow, prevents soil erosion, irrigates land, saves fertiliser/water.
Disadv: small scale

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19
Q

Drip Irrigation

A

Example: Kenya, India, Zimbabwe
Increases food production as it aids growth of crops so they grow better, crops watered so less die - more food. Hose pipes in - drips at plants.
Adv: saves fertiliser/water, helps locals using it.

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20
Q 
High technology (tissue culture) 
Micro-propagation
A

Multiplication of plantlets (increases food production).
Adv: quick, disease-free, rooted plantlets ready to grow.
Disadv: expensive labour costs, infections easily passed on.

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21
Q

Growth Hormone

A

E.g animals
Inject steroids - weight gain (more food)
Adv: increases milk yields.
Disadv: safe for humans to eat?

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22
Q

Agriculture

A

Production of food, animal food, fibre and other goods by the systematic growing of plants and the breeding and raising of animals.

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23
Q

Stewardship strategies farmers agree not to

A
  • fill in grykes
  • use of pesticides
  • over stock their land
  • graze animals on meadows after may
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24
Q

Stewardship strategies farmers agree to

A
  • maintain dry stone walls
  • cut meadows late for hay not silage
  • reduce sheep on limestone paths
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25
Q

Ways farmers are diversifying

A
  • speciality products

- local farm shops

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26
Q

Common agriculture policy (CAP) Aims

A
  • inc agri productivity within member states
  • ensure fair standard of living for farmers
  • ensure reasonable consumer prices
  • maintain employment in agri areas
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27
Q

Ways to inc agricultural productivity

A
  • Import tariffs
  • Intervention prices
  • Subsidies
28
Q

Import tariffs

A

Taxes applied to goods imported into the EU

29
Q

Intervention prices

A

Set by EU guaranteeing prices for each commodity.
If internal market price falls below intervention level, the EU buys up produce to raise the price to intervention level.

30
Q

Subsidies

A

Money paid to farmer to grow particular crops, maintaining home grown supplies.
Usually paid on amount of land and not on crop yields.

31
Q

Benefits or CAP

A
  • close to self sufficiency in food production
  • cheaper food prices
  • greater security for farmers
32
Q

Problems of CAP

A
  • surplus production, huge storage costs
  • over intensive farming: fertilisers: damage environment: eutrophication: algae on surface of lakes kills fish
  • tension inc between EU and some trading partners
  • LECCs find difficult to trade with EU
  • large farmers benefit but small scale farmers don’t p: rural to urban migration
33
Q

CAP reform in 1992: adapted in 2005

A

Had to reduce over-production:

  • farmers now receive one single payment per year (SPS, sing,e payment system)
  • environ. sensitive farming encouraged - less pesticides
  • early retirement plans for farmers, 55 yrs
  • quotas
  • set aside
34
Q

Quotas

A

Farmers given strict amounts they can produce.

2015 removed quotas as problem for British dairy farmers

35
Q

Set Aside

A
  • arable farmers put land aside + not grow crops on it.
  • land must be maintained so can grow crops on if there are shortages
  • farmers who took over 20% out of production: get £200 per hectare
  • can move set-aside land each year or keep same for number of years
36
Q

Environmental stewardship

A

Farmers in UK have an important part to play in protecting and managing the environment, through environmentally friendly methods.

37
Q

Environmental stewardship strategies:

Entry level stewardship scheme

A

Aims to encourage farmers to deliver simple, effective management.
- farmers get £30 per hectare per year.
Choose from: bird/flower conservation, stone wall management, hedgerow management.

Similar scheme for organic farmers.

38
Q

Buffer zones

A

Areas along field boundaries, ponds, ditches. Vary 2-10m wide. Potential benefits:

  • stabilising banks
  • protect water courses from pollution
  • make new habitats for birds, small animals
  • protect habitats from cultivation, pesticides, fertilisers
  • protects archaeological and historical features
39
Q

Horizontal integration

A

Occurs when a small number of firms effectively control a (global) market. Such concentrations increase the market power of firms so they gain huge profits.
E.g. Banana producing countries

40
Q

Vertical integration

A

Where one company either owns or controls through joint ventures multiple stages in a production chain e.g. Del Monte

41
Q

Advantages of TNCs

A
  • environmentally responsible

- have farmers interests at heart

42
Q

Disadvantages of TNCs

A
  • pay low wages to farmers
  • locate where environmental laws less strict
  • lead to destruction of farming communities and family farms
  • practices may not be sustainable
  • some agribusinesses use GM crops
  • farms use pesticides and fertilisers, harm environment
43
Q

TNC Unilever

A

Produces: food, drink, personal care, cleaning agents
Where: London, Rotterdam
+ good employment
+ uses sustainable sources
+ campaign for educate Kenyans on dangers of HIV/AIDs
- clear forests
- drain peat lands

44
Q

Sustainable agriculture

A

Ability of a farmer to produce food indefinitely without causing irreversible damage to local ecosystems.

45
Q

Sustainable agriculture involves

A
  • not using many non-renewable resources
  • doesn’t over irrigation, ploughing along slopes, over use of fertilisers/pesticides.
  • doesn’t harm environment
46
Q

2 issues of promoting sustainability

A
  • biophysical: long term effects on soil

- socio-economic: long term ability of farmers to keep inputs and manage resources, labour

47
Q

Examples of unsustainable agriculture

A
  • inappropriate policies: subsidies encourage pesticides and fertilisers
  • new technologies: harmful side effects
  • use of non-renewables
  • not replenishing nutrients
  • over irrigation
48
Q

Ways to achieve sustainable agriculture

A
  • intensification by specialising in certain products
  • intensification through diversification
  • drip irrigation
  • limit use of non-renewables
  • limiting chemical use
49
Q

Geopolitics of food

A

Relates to how countries interact with each other and spatial implications of this.

In terms of food supply, some countries have too little and some have too much, this means trade occurs. However, problems with this are trade blocs and dumping. Te richer countries control trade.

50
Q

Census

A

Collecting data about populations.
UK: every 10 years.
Provides information on employment, ethnicity, education and housing.

51
Q

Benefits of a census

A
  • helps gov with decision making (plan for future, predicts changes in migration and population)
  • helps make estimates for demands of government (housing, transport)
  • enables structure of a population to be studied
52
Q

Problems with a census

A
  • threat to privacy
  • some don’t return census forms
  • in some countries conflicts or political conditions make a census difficult to take
53
Q

Social welfare

A

Well-being of communities. Access to job opportunities, health care, education, housing, unpolluted environment and freedom to practice their religion and culture.

54
Q

Grampound, Cornwall

Local sourcing case study

A
  • village of 600
  • affordable food is critical as cornwall is England’s lowest wage earning country
  • monthly produce market where items sold for lower prices than supermarkets.
  • local landowner offered 16 allotments to people to encourage them to produce their own food.
55
Q

Green Revolution

Definition

A

A package of agricultural improvements that transformed agriculture in many LEDCs leading to significant increases in agricultural production.

56
Q

Key Elements of the green revolution package

A
  • introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) e.g. Miracle rice
    High Yielding Seed Programme (HVP) e.g. Wheat, maize
  • access to fertiliser, pesticides
  • irrigation
  • improved infrastructure
  • loans

Need all of above to work, hence, ‘package’

57
Q

Evaluation of the Green Revolution

A

+ HYV yields of rice and wheat have tripled
+ for many people there is now more food security
+ HYVs grow more quickly so farmers can grow an extra crop per year: so commercial farming is possible
- fir poorer farmers, debt has increased
- increased use of pesticides have resulted in organochlorides spreading through ecosystems and contaminating water supplies
- increased use of fertiliser harms the environment
- poorer farmers can’t afford whole package so many end up migrating to cities to shanty towns
- high income farmers benefited more than poorer farmers which widens the income gap in rural areas

58
Q

Green revolution case study: INDIA

A

Resulted in record grain output of 131 million tonnes in 1978-9. Made india one of worlds biggest agricultural producers.
+ yield per unit of farm land improved by over 30% between 1947-1979.
+ crop are under HYV grew from 7-22% of the total cultivated area during the 20yrs of the Green Revolution: >70% wheat crop area and 35% of rice crop area.
+ The increase in the demand for irrigation water lead to dam construction, leading to the production of hydroelectric power again leading to jobs in industries.
+ The demand for fertiliser, as decides and fungicides encouraged the growth of manufacturing industry
- not totally self-sufficient in food
- India suffers from drought conditions so is the GR long-term achievable.

59
Q

4 main changes in demand for food

A
  • importing goods from LEDCs
  • all year demand for seasonal foodstuffs
  • organic food
  • local/regional food sourcing
60
Q

Ghost acres

A

Land used for export crops (used in poor countries).

61
Q

Ghost acres cause problems:

A
  • land cleared for cash crops - deforestation
  • flower crops compete with domestic food crops
  • poorer farmers not safely handling chemicals
  • food production declines for domestic consumption in exporting countries - lowers food security

E.g. Thailand has 44 millions ghost acres - fodder for european cattle.

62
Q

Ferry fast, Worcestershire

Air-freighted vegetables

A

Imports flowers, fruit, vegetables from 17 countries - LEDCs.
From Kenya: baby corn, mangoes, chillies.
Increasing in Kenya and needs irrigation water to grow economically so less for local food supplies.

But production offers work.
Wage and profits: revenue for Kenyan Gov.

63
Q

Alternative to importing out of season foods

A
  • new crops in UK
  • Wight Salads 2005: Isle of Wight made cherry tomatoes for UK winter market.
  • produced in heated greenhouses.
64
Q

Organic farmers operate

A
  • build up soul fertility with natural fertilisers
  • no herbicides, strict use of pesticides
  • crop rotation
  • animals need enough space to express behaviour and access to pasture
65
Q

Evaluation of organic farming

A

+ no harmful chemicals
+ better than traditional as its sustainable
+ less energy used so less waste
- weeding by hand
- lower yields - so produce is more expensive
- higher labour costs per unit of land than traditional farming
- can’t label food as organic unless farm has been certified as organic

66
Q

Ways local produce is sold

A
  • independent stores
  • farmers markets: sell produce in person
  • direct marketing: to customers doors
  • local labelling and traceability: source labelling schemes
    E.g. Booths and Co-op

AS Geography (4 decks)

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