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Food and Biological Science > Food Nanotechnology > Flashcards

Food Nanotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

How small is a nanometer?

A

10^9

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2
Q

What is nanotechnology?

A

The application of nanoscience to develop new materials and products, and involves the manipulation of matter at the nanometre scale.

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3
Q

What is nanoscience?

A

The study of material and processes on a very small scale- the nanometre scale.

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4
Q

Why is nanotechnology important?

A

Because it will enable us to understand, measure, manipulate, and manufacture at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular levels, aimed at creating materials, devices, and systems with fundamentally new molecular organization, properties, and functions.

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5
Q

Why must we use nanotechnology in the study of food science?

A

Because, physical, chemical, and biological properties of structures and systems art the nano-scale are substantially different than at the macro-scale.

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6
Q

What are 4 things that occur as the size of particles is reduced?

A
  1. There is an increase in surfac-to-volume ratio and therefore an increase in radioactivity
  2. There are changes in the mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of the particles
  3. The ability for particles to cross biological barriers changes
  4. The particles increase in drug solubility
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7
Q

Where is nanoscale research happening within Canada?

A

National Institute of

Canada, Nano Innovation Platform, Institute for Microsstuctural Sciences, Many other univerisities

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8
Q

Is nanotechnology new?

A

The field of nanotechnology is new but studying things to do with nanotechnology have been happening since the 1850s.

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9
Q

What nano structures exist in milk and yogurt?

A

Casein micelles

300-400

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10
Q

What can be used to detect bacteria and track food?

A
  1. Nano-bioluminescence detection spray
  2. Portable nano-sensors for detection of chemicals, pathogens
  3. Toxins in food
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11
Q

What is Nano-bioluminescence detection spray?

A

A spray which contains luminescent protein and has been engineered to bind to salmonella and e. coli, binding with protein to glow.

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12
Q

What are 3 ways that nanotechnology is used in food packaging?

A
  1. Nanocomposties
  2. Active Packaging
  3. Intelligent packaging
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13
Q

What are nanocomposites?

A

Improved barriers against environmental factors and mechanical strength of he polymer film.

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14
Q

What is active packaging?

A

Packaging which incorporates active materials to improve functional properties (silver for antimicrobial)

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15
Q

What is intelligent packaging?

A

Packages that sense relevant information about the food and atmosphere.

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16
Q

What are polymer nanocomposites?

A

A hybrid material consisting of a ploymer matrix which is reinforced with a fibre, platelet, or particle having 1D on the nanometre scale.

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17
Q

Why are polymer nanocomposites better than pure polymer or conventional composites?

A

Because the intimate dispersion allows for improved mechanical, thermal, optical, and physicochemical properties when compared with the pure polymer or conventional composites.

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18
Q

When were polymer-clay nanocomposites first introduced and who introduced them?

A

1986 by scientists from Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories in Japan. Research began in the 1990s.

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19
Q

What are two basic components of nanocomposites?

A

Film-forming materials-polymer and Nano-fillers.

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20
Q

What are two types of film-forming materials?

A

Petroleum-based polymers and bio-polymers (biodegradable plastic).

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21
Q

What is a type of nano-filter?

A

Layered inorganic solids or clays.

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22
Q

Describe the nano- and micro- structure of Montmorillonite (MMT)

A

Used in nano-clays and nanocomposites with a crystal thickness of 1nm and lateral dimensions of 30nm-several microns.

23
Q

What are the 3 different types of nanocomposites between polymers and layered silicates?

A
  1. Phase separated layered silicate (microcomposite)
  2. Intercalated layered silicate (nanocomposite)
  3. Exfoliated polymer (nanocomposite)
24
Q

What is phase separated layered silicate?

A

A conventional filler with clay layers that do NOT separate into a polymer matrix.

25
Q

What is intercalated layered silicate?

A

There is an insertion of a few polymer chains in the silicate layers, but the crystal remains in an ordered structure.

26
Q

What is exfoliated polymer?

A

When silicate layers are completely separated very well into the continuous, dispersed polymer matrix. The matrix is completely distroyed.

27
Q

How are nanocomposites formed?

A
  1. Polymer pellets + MMT powder are dried and put into an extruder to melt.
  2. This is then cooled to form solid nanocomposite sheets
  3. The nanocomposite sheets are given their final shape through thermoforming.
28
Q

How does one determine tortuosity?

A

Using the distance travelled by a penetrant over the shortest travel distance is the absence of a barrier.

29
Q

What does it mean when the toruoi=sity factor is large?

A

There are higher barrier properties (exfoliated), things wont leave as easily

30
Q

What are nanocomposites beneficial in food packaging?

A
  1. Improve moisture sensitivity
  2. Barrier properties against moisture
  3. Film is more flexible
  4. Improvement in thermal stability
31
Q

What products use ColorMatrix nanocomposites?

A

Amosorb SolO2 and Lactra

32
Q

What does Amosorb SolO2 do?

A

Reduces oxygen ingress and maintains CO2 levels in monolayer PET bottles for beer and malt-based drinks.

33
Q

What does Lactra do?

A

Has a high opacity o white colorants to provide a barrier against UV and visible light to improve the bottle aesthetics and extend shelf life of the product.

34
Q

Describe N-coat of the Multifilm Packaging Corporation.

A

A clear laminate with outstanding gas barrier propeties developed for nuts, dry foods, and snack markets. Uses nanobased technology and is 2-3x better than metallized PET film.

35
Q

How can nanotechnolgy provide protection of bioactive compounds in our GI tract?

A

Lipid oxidation, pH change, and presence of foreign matters.

36
Q

Can nanotechnology improve bioavailability of bioactive compounds?

A

YES

37
Q

What are nano-laminated emulsions?

A

Emulsions where there are multiple layers (nano-coatings) used to protect the inside

38
Q

What are nanoemulsions?

A

Very small with a high surface area which improves stability, provides transparent fluid, increases bioavaiblitiy, can be used for solid lipid nanoparticle synthesis, and can transform into nanogel..

39
Q

How are nano-liminated emulsions formed?

A
  1. Oil-in-water emulsion is stabilized by negatively charged proteins
  2. Positively charged biopolymer is added to negatively charged droplets by electrastatic interaction.
  3. Positively charged droplets can be coated with another negatively charged bioplymer to improve strength of interfiacial layer
40
Q

What can extremely small droplets of nanoemulsions or particles or nanocapsules be used for?

A

delivery and controlled release of bioactive compounds under favourable conditions

41
Q

Describe tip-top bread.

A

Nano-capsules of tuna fish oil are added to bread.

42
Q

What is canola active?

A

Canola oil that is fortified free psytosterol to educe cholesterol levels.

43
Q

What is choco’la?

A

A chocolate chewing gum

44
Q

How aware is the public about nanotechnology?

A

Highest in 2004 at 10% and came down in 2012 to 5%.

45
Q

Why is it important that the public understands what nanotechnology is?

A

So that nanotechnology is not rejected and it can evolve.

46
Q

What is necessary when considering nanotechnology?

A

To put regulations in place for public safety and properly assess health and environmental risk.

47
Q

What are 2 risks that may occur due to nanotechnology?

A
  1. Increase in silicon content of food

2. Products are highly migratable.

48
Q

Why is it dangerous for nanoparticles to be orally taken in?

A

Because the smaller the particle the higher the amount that will reach the GI tract. If particles enter the circulation system they could end up in different organs.

49
Q

In what way are nanoparticles potentially toxic?

A

Could cause oxidative stress in cells but is dependent on the chemical composition of nanoparticles.

50
Q

What role does heath CAnada play in the research of nanotechnology?

A

Provided a working definition for nanoparticles and is currently researching their toxicity and effect on the aquatic environment.

51
Q

What is the Canadian Standards Association’s contribution to nantotechnology?

A

Working on a report on health and safety projectes in occupational settings relevant to nanotechnologies.

52
Q

What are some governmental regulations in the united states for nanotechnology?

A

Manufacturer must declare whether the nanotechnology could affect the identity, safety and regulatory status of the food substance.

53
Q

What does the FDA encourage manufacturers to do when using nanotechnology?

A

Consult with an agency before taking their product to market so FDA experts address questions related to safety and regulation of their products.

Food and Biological Science (14 decks)

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