Food Habits Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What are animals that eat a variety of different foods or food species called? What is another name for them?
A
Polyphages. They are generalists.
2
Q
What are animals that eat only one kind of food or food species called? What is another name for them?
A
Monophages. They are specialists.
3
Q
What are animals that eat only one category of food all of its adult life called?
A
Obligate
4
Q
What are animals that may change the category of food eaten though seasons of the year or during period of food scarcity called?
A
Facultative
5
Q
What defines a carnivore?
A
They eat all animal products, not just muscle meat
6
Q
What do predators do? Give an example of one.
A
catch live prey. coyote
7
Q
What do scavengers do? Give an example of one
A
find dead prey. turkey vulture
8
Q
What do planktonivores eat? Give an example of one.
A
eat plankton. carribean flamingo
9
Q
What do spongivores eat? Give an example of one.
A
eat sponges. green sea turtle
10
Q
What do crustacivores eat? Give an example of one.
A
eat shrimps and crabs. oyster catcher
11
Q
What do insectivores eat? Give an example of one.
A
eat insects. tree swallow
12
Q
How do insectivores deal with the exoskeletons?
A
some egest exoskeltons, some remove part of the exoskeleton and some have chitinase to digest it
13
Q
What do myrmecophages eat? Give an example of one.
A
eat ants and termites. aardvark
14
Q
What do Mulluscivores eat? Give an example of one.
A
eat snails, clams, mussels, oysters, squid and slugs. snail kite
15
Q
What do piscivores eat? Give an example of one.
A
eat fish. common loon
16
Q
True or false - the fat content of a fish does not change seasonally
A
false. it does.
17
Q
What do sanquivores eat? Give an example of one.
A
Eat blood. vampire bat
18
Q
What do carnivores eat?
A
eat reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds.
19
Q
What do omnivores eat?
A
eat a wide variety of feed stuffs, both animals and plant
20
Q
Are omnivores seasonal consumers?
A
Yes
21
Q
What do herbivores eat?
A
eat ALL plant products (ex. leaves, stems, roots, fruit, nectar, bark) and ALL plant groups.
22
Q
What are monocotyledons? Give examples of a few
A
grasses, wheat, rice, only have one leaf
23
Q
What are dicotyedons? Give examples of a couple
A
have two leaves, shrubs, trees
24
Q
What do grazers eat? Give three examples of grazers.
A
eat mainly grass and some forbs. cattle, buffalo, Canada goose
25
What are forbs?
non-woody plants at ground level
26
What do browsers eat? Give three examples of browsers
eat leaves, buds, shoot, twigs. porcupine, deer, elephant
27
What do intermediate animals eat? Give two examples of intermediates.
both graze and browse. goats and caribou
28
What is Hoffman's equivalent to grazers? What do they do?
Grass/Roughage feeders. Eat grass and more fibrous plant material
29
What is Hoffman's equivalent to intermediates? What do they do?
Intermediates. both graze and browse.
30
What is Hoffman's equivalent to browsers? What do they do?
Concentrate Selectors. Select easily digestible, highly nutritious and low fibre foods such as buds and young leaves
31
What do folivores eat? Give an example of one.
eat leaves. sloths
32
What do mycophages eat? Give an example of one.
eat fungi. long-nosed potoroo
33
What do lichenophages eat? Give an example of one.
eat lichens. caribou
34
What do frugivores eat?
eat succulent or dry fruit.
35
What defines succulent fruit? Give an example of an animal that eats succulent fruit.
high in sugar, vit C and low in Ca. black bear
36
What defines dry fruit? Give an example of an animal that eat dry fruit.
nuts and is high in fat. eastern grey squirrel
37
What do granivores eat? Give an example of one.
Eat seed, grains. deer mouse
38
What do nectarivores eat? Give an example of one.
eat nectar. ruby-throated hummingbird
39
What do nectarivores feed their young?
insects
40
What do pollenophages eat? Give an example of one.
eat pollen. some tropical bats
41
What nutrient is pollen rich in?
protein
42
What do nectarivores and pollenophage obligates eat? Give an example of one.
ONLY nectar and pollen and does not eat insects! Honey possum
43
What do gumnivores eat? Give an example of one.
eat gums and exudates. marmosets
44
When does a diurnal animal eat? What is the disadvantage to being a diurnal eater?
during the day.
| can be seen by predators
45
When does a nocturnal animal eat? How have animals adapted to eating at this time? What is the advantage to being a nocturnal eater?
during the night
enhanced sight and hearing
cannot easily be seen by predators and it's cool in the deserts
46
When do crepuscular animals eat? What animals usually eat at this time?
At dawn and dusk, cool times in hot climates.
| grazers and browsers
47
What 4 mammalian orders eat ONLY animal material?
Monotremata (echidnas and platypus), tubulidentata (aardvark), pholidota (pangolins), macroscelidea (elephant shrew)
48
What 5 mammalian orders eat ONLY plant material?
lagomorphia (rabbits, hares), perissodactyla (horses, rhinos, tapirs), proboscidea (elephants), sirenia (manatees, dugongs), hyracoidea (hyraxes)
49
What type of carnivores are the coyote and wolf?
facultative carnivores
50
What type of omnivore is the arctic fox?
opportunistic omnivore
51
What kind of feeders are the red and grey fox?
opportunistic feeders as they eat a substantial amount of plant material
52
What type of carnivore are polar bears? How do they get Vitamin A?
obligate carnivores. have pre-formed vitamin A
53
What kind of feeder is the black bear?
frugivore
54
What type of feeder is the grizzly bear?
omnivore, mostly fish
55
What type of feeder is a red panda?
herbivore, most bamboo shoots and other veg
56
What is the food chain?
Plants eaten by herbivores & omnivores which are eaten by omnivores & carnivores which are eaten by carnivores
57
What are 3 ways plants prevent predetation?
spines, thorns and toxins
58
What two colours of flowers provide easily accessible nectar?
white and yellow
59
What colours of flowers have concealed nectar?
red, blue and purple
60
Fleshy fruits encourages?
seed dispersal
61
What helps herbivores escape predators?
Speed and agility
62
How do herbivores distract predators?
Stay in large groups
63
How do herbivores avoid detection?
camouflage, burrowing, crepuscular and nocturnal feeding
64
How do herbivores deter predators?
toxins or false-toxin (colour warning)
65
What do carnivores have to defend themselves and catch prey?
claws, talons, beaks, horns, teeth and a/or a poisonous bite/sting
66
What are the trophic feeding levels?
1. Producers
2. Primary Consumers
3. Secondary Consumers
4. Tertiary Consumers
67
What do green plants include and not include?
Include: algae, mosses, bushes, lichens, trees
| Does not include: fungi
68
What are green plants classified as?
autotrophs
69
What do autotrophs contain?
clorophyll
70
What defines autotrophs?
Essentially make their own food
71
What are the primary consumers?
herbivores
72
What is the name of animals that need to eat food?
heterotrophs
73
How much of food energy is actually stored in animal tissues?
5-20%
74
What are the secondary consumers?
omnivores and carnivores that eat herbivores
75
What are the tertiary consumers?
omnivores and carnivores that eat carnivores
76
What are the 6 methods of studying food habits?
Direct observation, utilization techniques, digesta sampling, fecal analysis, isotope studies, and adipose tissue composition
77
What is the advantage of direct observation?
inexpensive equipment needed
78
What are the disadvantages of direct observation?
difficult in crepuscular, nocturnal and fossorial (burrowing) species
difficult in aquatic environments
difficult in areas of heavy vegetation
difficult in very open areas to watch unobserved
doesn't indicate what the animal eats when not observed
time consuming
79
Give an example of why it is difficult to do direct observation?
Chips and gorillas, the observer needs to be within a few feet to see which part of the food items are consumed
80
What are three utilization techniques?
enclosure, exclosure and cafeteria
81
How does an enclosure system work?
survey vegetation, let animals in for a set time, re-survey after animals have left
82
What is the advantage to enclosure, exclosure and cafeteria systems?
can estimate which plant species and parts have been eaten
83
What is the disadvantage to enclosure and exclosure systems?
other animals may have been in the enclosure or other animals may have been eating inside and outside the exclosure
84
What are the disadvantages to cafeteria systems?
animals are captive and cannot range freely and the plants are usually cut and animals may eat different plant parts
85
How does an exclosure system work?
survey vegetation both inside and outside the exclosure area and compare
86
How does a cafeteria system work?
range of plant material offered to captive animals, determine amount of each type of plant material offered and amount left after feeding
87
What are the 2 digesta sampling techniques?
in vivo and post mortem
88
How does the in vivo technique work?
surgically create and esophageal or rumen fistula and collect food samples from there then sort, identify anf weigh the food samples
89
What is the advantage to digesta sampling techniques?
more accurate than utilization techniques and in post mortem, no animals are specifically killed for the purpose of the study
90
What are the disadvantages to in vivo technique?
work with captive, tame animals
| surgical procedures
91
What is another way of doing the in vivo technique?
Using pellets from birds of prey
92
What is the disadvantage to using pellets?
some food component are poorly represented or absent
93
What is the disadvantage to using the post mortem technique?
time of last meal is unknown, degree of digestion is unknown, some easily digested food components are poorly represented or absent
94
How does the post mortem technique work?
collect GIT from hunters and road kills, sort, identify stomach contents
95
What are the advantages to using fecal analysis?
no animals killed
| may provide info not provided by utilization techniques
96
What are the disadvantages to using fecal analysis?
highly digested food components under-represented or absent in feces
may not know which individual animal (M, F, species) produced the feces
parasites may be species specific
have to observe defecation, dunging sites and territorial markers
97
What are the 2 techniques used for isotope studies?
Stable isotopes and radioisotopes
98
Describe stable isotope studies.
Isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons. If plants have different 13C/12C ratios, then animal eating the plants will reflect this in their body tissues. The analysis of bones, tendons, collagen will provide info on the prey animals diet.
99
True or false - Fat has a higher turnover and will give a more immediate response to diet than bones, tendons and collagen
true
100
Fat stored as adipose tissue reflects fats consumed by the animal. This is true excepts for in what types of animals? Why?
Ruminants and foregut ferementers. Microbes in the reticulo-rumen and the foregut produce unusual FAs that are not produced by invertebrates.
101
What kind of fats are located around internal organs?
saturated fats
102
What kind of fats are located in the lower part of the leg and the foot? Why?
PUFAs and less saturated because they need to remain flexible
103
Why do hibernating animals need unsaturated fats throughout the body?
body temp may drop in temperature close to 2-3 degrees Celsius
104
true or false - FAs in plankton change with temperature
true
105
What type of FAs are located in plankton in low temperatures?
unsaturated
106
True or false - researchers generally use more than one method to study food habits
true
107
What is the beak/bill in birds used for?
cutting, tearing, crushing, filter-feeding
108
What replaces teeth in birds?
The gizzard
109
What replaces the stomach or abomasum in birds?
Crop (storage), proventriculus (acid digestion), gizzard (trituration)
110
What type of feeders are long-tailed weasels, the lesser weasel, black-footed ferret, mink, badger, river otter and sea otters?
carnivores
111
What type of feeders are martens, fishers and wolverines?
carnivores
112
What type of feeders are striped skunk and the western spotted skunk?
omnivores
113
What type of feeder is the common palm civet?
omnivore eat rats, insects and coffee berries, and mangos
114
What type of feeder is the fossa?
carnivore
115
What type of carnivore is the brown hyena?
scavenging carnivore
116
What type of feeder is the striped hyena?
omnivore
117
What type of feeder is the spotted hyena?
carnivore eating only vertebrate prey
118
What type of feeder is the aarwolf?
carnivore eating only ants and termites
119
What type of carnivores are the cougar, lynx and bobcat?
obligate carnivores
120
What type of feeder is the solenodontidae?
omnivore
121
What type of feeder is the tenrecs?
carnivore
122
What type of feeders are golden moles?
carnivores
123
What type of feeders are hedgehogs and moonrats
omnivores
124
What type of feeders are soricidae and talpidae?
omnivores
