Food environments Flashcards
what is the effect called priming?
when you give a bit of information related to the decision you want the person to do.
ie: bread, juice, millk, so_p
vs towel, shower, shampoo, so_p
what are the innate factors (3 + 1 ish) that shape our food choices?
- genetics
- psychology
- brain
- ie innate preference to sweetness even as a baby/as a fetus! (fetal programming)
monogenic vs polygenic contribution to obesity
- what type of obesity + characs
MONOGENIC:
- early onset, severe obesity: only 1 gene mutation is enough to cause obesity
- high genetic contribution, rare, high penetrance, no environmental influence
POLYGENIC:
- common obesity (99.9% of cases)
- modest genetic contribution, hundreds of variants in/near many genes, each variant has a small effect, low penetrance, environment is a key determinant
what is a score that is used to check obesity?
genome-wise polygenic score
- score from 0 to 100 based on your genome that was analyzed
- higher score = more genes can cause obesity –> increased risk for extreme obesity, bariatric surgery, coronary disease, heart failure, mortality
main effect of genes is on what organ?
on brain! brain = main organ involved in eating behavior control!
what are the 3 components of brain that influence behavior control?
- HOMEOSTATIC: physiological hunger, ie regulation of blood glu, hormones released in GI tract
- REWARD:
- dopamine = causes us to eat/like food - COGNITIVE:
- high orders of brain, rationality, thinking
- ie craving cookie but apple in backpack
obesity has skyrocketed since the _______ all around the world
- why?
1980s
- genetics; more susceptible to mutations ish
BUT MOSTLY; food environment has changed!
- increased fast foods close to work and to home, increase fast foods (vs no increase in supermarkets), fast foods closer to high poverty than for lower poverty
what does food systems contain (3)
- food supply chain: everything that happens before food arrives to retail points
- food environments
- consumer behaviour: what you do with the food
what are food environments?
- 3 components?
- physical, economic, political and socio-cultural context in which consumers engage with the wider food system to acquire, prepare and consume food.
- basically type of food we have around us and how we act around them
- physical, personal determinants and social,cultural & political norms
what is the obesogenic food environment?
- examples
when said factors (physical, personal determinants and social norms) make ultra-processed, highly palatable, unhealthy foods, ubiquitous, easily accessible, and cheap –> makes unhealthy food the easiest choice
- increased density of fast food, convenience store, in-store presence of unhealthy food
- decreased density of supermarkets, in-store present of healthy foods
how does the food environment impact eating behavior? (4)
- quality of food
- determining food preferences (innate but also what you are exposed to as a child)
- food cues and advertising (exposure)
- taking advantage of biological & socioeconomical vulnerabilities
what are 3 characteristics of quality of food in obesogenic environment?
- consequence?
- palatability (tastes really good)
- ultra-processed foods
- high in nutrients of concern (added sugar, salt, sat fat)
- increased E intake + worsening of healthy outcomes
explain the NOVA food classification
UNPROCESSED/minimally processed foods
- did not undergo processing or minimal proceessing like fractioning, grinding, pasteurization
- ie legumes, vegs, fruits, starchy roots, eggs, chicken, milk
PROCESSED CULINARY INGREDIENTS:
- obtains from minimally processed foos and used to season & cook culinary dishes.
- ie salt, sugar, veg oils, butter
PROCESSED FOODS:
- unprocessed or minimally processed or processed with culinary ingredients. necessarily industrialized
- bottle vegs or meat in salt, fruits in syrup, bread, cheeses, purees, pastes
ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS:
- derived from foods or parts of foods bring added cosmetic food additives not used in culinary/kitchen
- breast milk substitue, cookies, ice cream, ready-to eat meals, nuggest, dugary drinks
Kevin Hall study:
- ultraprocessed vs unprocessed foods
- results?
- even if matched in calories and you can eat as much as you want, people with ultraprocessed foods tend to eat more bc more palatable foods and gained weight VS unprocessed foods –> lost weight
what are 2 components of obesogenic env that can influence determining food preferences?
- household presence of snack foods (cookies, chocolate, ice cream) determines consumption of them, more so than genetics –> go into adulthood with same habits
- memory of consuming fast-food promote enhanced attitudes and preference towards those foods –> recalling good things can drive future eating behaviour
