Food & Energy Regulation

Question 1

What is basal metabolism?

Answer 1

Energy used for heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials. It plays a role in weight loss and dieting. It is under homeostatic control, and can be adjusted, but will not always produce changes in weight.

Question 2

This subject is outside of our conscious control and is under homeostatic control.

Answer 2

Basal metabolism

Question 3

What decreases basal metabolism after weight loss?

Answer 3

Metabolic adaptation

Question 4

What is the primary function of glucose in the body?

Answer 4

Glucose is the principal sugar used for energy. The brain uses only glucose for energy, but it can do without the need of insulin

Question 4

How is glucose stored in the body for short-term use , and what hormone regulates this process?

Answer 4

Glycogen is glucose stored in the liver and muscles for the short term. It is regulated by the pancreatic hormone: insulin

Question 5

What happens when glucose levels decrease?

Answer 5

When glucose levels drop, the hormone glucagon converts glycogen back into glucose.

Question 6

What are the three phases of insulin release?

Answer 6

1. The cephalic phase
2. The digestive phase
3. The absorptive phase

Question 7

What is the cephalic phase of insulin release?

Answer 7

It is mediated by the brain in response to seeing, smelling,

Question 8

What is the digestive phase of insulin release?

Answer 8

Insulin is released when food enters the digestive tract.

Question 9

What is the absorptive phase of insulin release?

Answer 9

Specialized liver cells known as glucodetectors signal the pancreas to release even more insulin

Question 10

What is the brain’s primary energy source, and does it require insulin for glucose utilization?

Answer 10

The brains primary energy source is glucose, but it does not require insulin.

Question 11

How does the body obtain energy?

Answer 11

The body can use fatty acids or glucose for energy. Fatty acids do not require insulin, but it is required for glucose.

Question 12

How is insulin used in the context of energy utilization?

Answer 12

Insulin is important at mealtimes. Energy is shuttled back and forth between long-term storage (as glycogen or fat) or readily usable glucose by hormones in the brain

Question 13

How does Leptin within the arcuate nucleus provide information about current energy stores and contribute to appetite regulation?

Answer 13

Leptin works to suppress appetite in opposite ways by activating the proopiomelocortin ( POMC) satiety neurons and inhibits the neuropeptide ( NPY) hunger neurons. It decreases feeding behavior. Leptin provides information to the brain about long term energy reserves

Question 14

How does the body store energy for long-term use?

Answer 14

Lipid ( fat) molecules are stored in adipose tissue. Fat cells release leptin into the blood stream.

Question 15

How does the body generate fuel during prolonged food deprivation?

Answer 15

Fat can be converted into glucose and ketones which can be used as fuel.

Question 16

How does diabetes mellitus happen?

Answer 16

It is due to the failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption. THe body needs insulin to help glucose transporters import glucose from the blood into most cells.

Question 17

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus and their underlying causes?

Answer 17

Type 1: Juvenille onset ; The pancreas stops producing insulin.
Type 2: Adult onset. Greatly reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin.

Question 18

What is the main reason why weight loss is so challenging?

Answer 18

Dietary changes will not always produce changes in weight, because metabolism is under homeostatic control and can be adjusted. Metabolism is outside of our conscious control

Question 19

What are the two hormones for shorter-term energy that is reported from the digestive organs and are important for appetite control?

Answer 19

These are involved in the presence or absence of food in the gut.
Ghrelin: Reaches high levels before eating, drops off after eating, works as an appetite stimulant. Synthesized and released by endorcrine cells
PYY 3-36: Reaches high levels after eating and works as an appetite suppressant. Released by intestinal cells.

Question 19

What is the surgical option for obesity? What are the three options?

Answer 19

Anti-obesity surgery: Liposuction removes fat tissue; bariatric procedures bypass part of the digestive tract to reduce absorptive capacity.
A: Sleeve gastrectomy
B: Gastrointestinal Bypass
C: Gut Liner

Question 19

What happens with a sleeve gastrectomy?

Answer 19

It reduces stomach to a narrow tube where ability to form nutrients is decreased and ghrelin is reduced less. The sleeve forms a new stomach and there is a removed portion of the stomach.

Question 19

What happens with a gastrointestinal bypass?

Answer 19

A reduced stomach is reconnected as to bypass the initial stretch of the small intestine. A new stomach is formed where a bypassed where there is a bypassed portion of small intestine.

Question 19

What is the gut liner as a surgical option for obesity?

Answer 19

• Least invasive* It is an intestinal liner that acts as a barrier to prevent absorption of nutrients.