Food choice and preferences Flashcards
Factors that influence diet:
Personal preference
Likes and dislikes
Food aversions e.g allergies
summary of Buddhism:
The buddha instructs buddhists to judge their food consumption in five ways:
What food is, Why we eat food, Where food comes from, When food should be eaten, How food should be eaten
Buddhists consider living things to be sacred, because of this many are vegetarian or vegan. Buddhists believe in ahimsa (non-violences/harmlessness) therefore do not consume animals killed violently.
- Buddhists also avoid the consumption of alcohol.
- Some Buddhists avoid both dairy and meat while others only avoid the latter.
summary of Christianity
- Food and drink is regarded as part of god’s creation
- There are no strict rules about food and drink consumption
- Fasting is practised by some christians as a way of remembering the malnourished and starved.
Shrove Tuesday:
Occurs before the first day of lent
People consume the foods not traditionally eaten during lent including ingredients used for pancakes
Good Friday:
Some christians avoid consuming meat, hot cross buns are eaten to celebrate the end of lent and remind christians of the crucifixion of Jesus and the spices put onto his body afterwards.
Easter:
Easter eggs are eaten to celebrate new life and represent Jesus’ empty tomb.
Christmas:
Meals are eaten to celebrate the birth of Jesus e.g mince pies, turkey/goose, potatoes, carrots, roasted parsnips etc.
Summary of Hinduism
Many Hindus are vegetarian, but it is not compulsory, some communities practise fasting
Beef (cows are seen as sacred), Onions and garlic (only eaten occasionally, thought to affect the search for spiritual enlightenment, applies to alcohol)
Holi:
Celebrates the start of spring, singing, dancing and throwing of coloured powder paint.
Diwali:
Indian sweets called ‘mithai’ are eaten.
Savoury Diwali snacks (often deep fried) are also made with ingredients include: chickpeas, rice, lentil, flours, spices, sesame seeds.
Gujiyas (pastries filled with shredded coconuts, dates, sultanas and nuts)
Colourful sweets made from milk, sugar and condensed milk
Kachoris (puff pastry filled with spices and lentils)
Savoury rice coloured with saffron, sweetened and garnished with nuts, sultanas and cardamom
Summary of Islam diets:
Dietary laws are found in the Qur’an (islamic holy book)
Laws state what is lawful (Halal) and require poultry birds and meat animals to be killed in a spiritual ritual called Zibah.
Restrictions:
Pork (gelatine) and alcohol
Ramadan: held in the ninth month, each day during Ramadan, muslims must fast from dawn to dusk. One meal is eaten before sunrise and another after sunset.
Eid-ul-Fitr: celebration held at the end of ramadan. A wide variety of food is eaten in different countries.
E.g
Sheer khurma - a breakfast dish made from vermicelli, milk, sugar, dates etc.
Baklava - rich pastry made from layers of filo pastry with chopped nuts, honey or syrup.
Summary of Judaism
Jewish food laws are called ‘Kashrut’
Food that is permitted for consumption are called ‘kosher’, such as fish with scales and fins, animals that chew cud (i.e eat grass) and have cloven hooves such as sheeps and cows.
Saturday is called the sabbath, when no work may be done, so food (e.g stew) is prepared the day before and left to cook slowly, so it can be eaten on the sabbath.
Restrictions:
Pork
Shellfish
Dairy foods and meat must not be prepared together.
Yom Kippur (the day of atonement) - jews must fast for 24 hours.
Passover and Rosh Hashanah - celebrate the birth of the jewish nation and the year.
Gefilte fish - this dish is made from a poach land mixture of ground deboned fish, such as carp or whitefish, and is usually eaten as an appetiser.
Summary of Rastafarianism:
Principles and beliefs in relation to food:
Must follow the dietary rules of I-tal
Food must be natural/clean + include fruits, vegetables and herbal teas
Restrictions:
Pork
Fish longer than 30cm
Many do not drink alcohol, milk and coffee
Ethiopian Christmas - includes a large feast, where the food is often vegetarian or vegan.
Summary of Sikhism
Principles and beliefs in relation to food:
Many are vegetarians
Restrictions:
Some do not drink alcohol, tea or coffee.
Special occasions linked to food:
Gurpurbs - festivals associated with the lives of gurus. There are several Gurpurbs throughout the year and food is an important feature in all of them i.e laddoos (sweets made of flour, minced dough and sugar.
Paired Preference Test
- Supply information about people’s likes and dislikes of a product.
- They are subjective tests and include hedonic, paired comparison and scoring.
Hedonic rating test
Ask each taster to taste each sample in turn and tick a box, from ‘1 Dislike Very Much’ to ‘5. Like Very Much’ to indicate their preference. This is a 5-point-scale. Sometimes a 9-point-scale is used.
Triangle test
- In this test, people are given 3 samples of a food product to try.
- The two samples are identical.
- The third sample is different OR. The third sample has been changed.
A not A test trio or duo trio
People are given a sample of food to try (sample A), and they are then given two other samples one of which is identical to sample A and the other with something different. They have to identify which one of the other two samples is the same as sample A.
Ranking test
- People are given some food to taste, for example five samples arranged randomly.
- They are then asked to rank them in order of the characteristics of the food you are testing
Rating test
Testers try a food sample and are asked to rate it for a particular characteristic or how much they like it, on a five-point scale, as shown in the example below.
Profiling test
- People are asked to rate intensity for 1-5 of a set of sensory descriptors (characteristics) for a food product.
- Add up the answers and divide them by the number of people who tasted the food to get an average score for each sensory descriptor.
