Food Biology Lecture 3

Question 1

What is the obesity trend among whites, blacks and hispanics?

Answer 1

Whites-tend to have the lowest levels of obesity
Hispanics-Second to highest
Blacks-Highest levels
Reason: Cultural, ethnic, or economic factors. Cause of obesity is usually multidimensional.

Question 2

Type 2 diabetes
cause
effect
trends
in children

Answer 2

Cause-resistance of insulin which prevents glucose from getting into the muscles. Because of this glucose ends up building up in the blood stream.
Effect: can cause neurological problems (affects the nervous system), prevent wound healing from lesions, lack of circulation leading to amputation, and blindness.

Question 3

Relationship between BMI and Risk mortality? In men?

Answer 3

As the body mass index (body fat) increases the risk of dying increases in all people.

As men reach the obesity breaking point the risk of dying triples

Question 4

what is metabolic syndrome? What are the risk factors that cause it? What combination leads to what diseases?

Answer 4

• Risk factors that increase the likelyhood of someone to get chronic diseases(diesease where that you don’t die from: type 2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease»>don’t you die from these?)
• Factors
  1. High levels of TAGS in blood
  2. Low levels of HDL in blood
  3. Fasting of glucose-high concentration in blood stream
  4. abodminal obesity
  5. High blood pressure

Any combination of these leads to an increase risk of getting diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Question 5

Body weight and energy balance and weight loss

Answer 5

To maintain a specific body weight you need to eat take in the same amount of energy in calories as you release it in the form of physical exercise. If you take in more than you will gain weight and if you take in less you will lose weight.

Question 6

why do adults tend to get fatter as time goes on

Answer 6

If people eat more calories than they expend in energy the body stores this extra energy in the form of fat, and the energy requirements increase to make up for this extra form of fat. If you tend to overeat or spend less energy than needed the amount of fat persists or increases. Body is not as good as metabolizing larger amts. of fat over smaller amounts

Question 7

Factors influencing metabolism

Answer 7

Hormones- ghrehlin and leptin
Medication that may lead to weight gain or appetitie suppression
Genetics-
economics-poorer communities more fast food more fat»slower metabolism etc.
Body composition vs. body fat
Gut microbiota
Metabolic rate
Insulin sensitivity vs. Insulin resistance

Question 8

Why is the body better at metabolizing fat on a lower end (contains less fat) than at a higher end( contains lots of fat)

Answer 8

Throughout human evolution humans have undergone times where food is abundant and times where food is scarce. In order to make up for the starvation that occurs when food is scarce the body does a slower a job of metabolizing the excess fat gained when food is abundant.

Question 9

Portion sizes

• estimation
• how it has changed

Answer 9

Portion sizes:

• consumers tend to underestimate the amount of snacks they consume and overestimate the amount of healthy food they eat.
• Portion sizes have exploded in the amounts of snacks, red meats, bagels, and pasta in recent years

Question 10

Income, Obesity and Food Desserts

Answer 10

Lower income are more likely to be food desserts or places where there are very few large grocery stores available

Lower income individuals are forced to buy cheap products from small grocery stores that do not contain many options.

Question 11

Healthy Hungry Kids Act:

Answer 11

USDA enforced food product developers to develop products that contain the following options:
-no saturated fat
-less than 750mg of salt
-limited amount of calories and sugar
1 fruit
1 vegetable
2 Grains
2 meat
you need to select a combination of any three.
Problem: many students started throwing their food in to the garbage so the USDA started to be more flexible with their guidelines.

Question 12

Beverage Consumption Tax:

Answer 12

Tax applied to sweetened drinks in the early 2000’s to reduce consumption of sweetened beverages among the public. In 2019 case study berkely CA community (taxed) was compared to two non taxed communities and the frequency of drinking was observed.

Controversial: taxed community had lower frequencies of drinking than non taxed but it is unsure and both have reached a low stabalization point. It is unsure if the drop in consumption among nontaxed communities will happen anyway due to greater health precautions or if tax is needed.

Question 13

Beverage Consumption Tax:

Answer 13

Tax applied to sweetened drinks in the early 2000’s to reduce consumption of sweetened beverages among the public. In 2019 case study berkely CA community (taxed) was compared to two non taxed communities and the frequency of drinking was observed.

Controversial: taxed community had lower frequencies of drinking than non taxed but it is unsure if the drop in consumption among nontaxed communities will happen anyway due to greater health precautions or if tax is needed.