Folio 5 Observational Learning Flashcards
What type of behaviours and responses can we acquired through observational learning?
Responses acquired by observing what others do include physical routines (e.g. particular dance style), socially appropriate behaviours (e.g. shaking hands when being introduced to someone) and emotional reactions (e.g. fear at the sight of a spider)
Define Observational Learning
Observational learning occurs when someone uses observation of a model’s actions and the consequences of those actions to guide their future actions
What is a model?
A model is who or what is being observed and may be live or symbolic
What is a live model?
A live model is a real-life person who may be demonstrating. acting out and/or describing or explaining a behaviour
What is a symbolic model?
A symbolic model is a real or fictional character displaying behaviour in books, movies, television programs, online and other media
What is observational learning also known as?
modelling, or social learning
What is the social learning theory?
also known as the social cognitive theory
The social learning theory emphasises the importance of the environment, or ‘social context’, in which learning occurs
What does Bandura propose?
Bandura proposes that from the time we are born we are surrounded by other people displaying a huge variety of behaviours, all of which we are able to observe.
How do we learn through observational learning?
Through observation, we learn many behaviours, not by actually carrying out the behaviour and experiencing the consequences, but simply by watching the behaviour and its consequences being experienced by someone else
Finish this sentence
According to Bandura (1977b)…..
Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do
Is observational learning completely separate from conditioning? Provide evidence (bandura) for your answer
No, it is not, Bandura’s experiments demonstrated that both classical and operant conditioning can occur vicariously through observational learning. observing someone being punished or reinforced for their behaviour can make the observer more inclined or refrain from performing that action. If you see someone freak out at the sight of a spider, you may become scared when you next see a spider.
What is vicarious conditioning?
During vicarious conditioning, the individual watches a model’s behaviour being either reinforced or punished, and then subsequently behaves in exactly the same way or in a modified way, or refrains from the behaviour, as a result of what they have observed. ( Bandura uses the terms vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment to describe the different processes of vicarious conditioning)
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Vicarious reinforcement increases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behaviour is reinforced. Thus the observer is conditioned through observing someone else being reinforced without personally experiencing the reinforcement
What is vicarious punishment?
Vicarious punishment occurs when the likelihood of an observer performing a particular behaviour decreases after having seen a model’s behaviour being punished
What does Bandura mean when he says that observational learning involves crucial cognitive processes?
A person does not simply ‘see’ and then automatically reproduce a behaviour without any intervening mental activity.