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Physics > Fluoroscopy/ Tomography > Flashcards

Fluoroscopy/ Tomography Flashcards

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1
Q

A dynamic radiographic examination which make possible the visualization of internal organs in motion

A

Fluoroscopy

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2
Q

X-rays were initially discovered by Dr. Roentgen because of their ability to cause ________

A

Fluorescence

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3
Q

The Fluoroscope was invented by _____ in 1896 which was used to visualize the _____ of internal structures and fluids

A

Thomas Edison; motion

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4
Q

First generation fluoroscopes consisted of an ______, ______, and ________.

A

X-ray tube, table and fluoroscopic screen

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5
Q

Radiologists had to “________” their eyes for 20-30 minutes or use __________.

A

Dark adapt; red goggles

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6
Q

The two types of receptors in the retina are

A

Rods and cones

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7
Q

Cones densely concentrated in the posterior portion of the retina

A

Fovea centralis

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8
Q

Function most efficiently in bright light

A

Cones

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9
Q

Daylight vision is also known as

A

Photopic vision

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10
Q

Cones sparsely scattered over the rest of the retina are used for _________ during daylight

A

Peripheral vision

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11
Q

Located around the periphery of the retina and function best with low levels of illumination

A

Rods

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12
Q

Night vision is also known as

A

Peripheral or scotopic vision

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13
Q

Rod are most sensitive to _______ wavelengths of light; which is why radiologist use red goggles to filter it out

A

Blue-green

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14
Q

An electronic vacuum tube that converts the pattern of the x-ray beam to a bright light image

A

Image intensifier

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15
Q

5 Basic elements of the image intensifier

A
  1. Input phosphor (IP)
  2. Photocathode
  3. Electrostatic focusing lens
  4. Accelerating anode
  5. Output phosphor (OP)
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16
Q

Newer IPs are made of ________ while older IPs are made of ________

A

Cesium Iodide (CsI); Zinc Cadmium Sulfide (ZnCdS)

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17
Q

The intensity of the light produced by the IP is ________ to the number of x-rays incident on it

A

Proportional

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18
Q

Photoemissive metal; responds to light from IP and emits electrons

A

Photocathode (PC)

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19
Q

Both IP and PC are ______ for undistorted focusing of the e- beam; this causes all the e- to travel the same _______ to the OP

A

Curved; distance

20
Q

Functions in the same manner as the focusing cup by directing the e- to the OP

A

Electrostatic focusing lens

21
Q

All e- converge/ meet at the focal point resulting in ______ and _______ of the image

A

Inverting and reversing

22
Q

Located at the neck of the tube which functions to accelerate e- toward the OP

A

Accelerating anode

23
Q

The OP is made of ________ ranging in size from 1/2” to 1” in diameter.

A

Zinc Cadmium Sulfide (ZnCdS)

24
Q

Contains the image of the IP in minified form

A

Output phosphor (OP)

25
Q

The OP produces _____ more light than the IP due to the high KE of the e- beam

A

50 times

26
Q

The ability of the image intensifier to increase the illumination level of the image

A

Brightness gain

27
Q

Brightness gain is dependent on these two completely unrelated sources

A

Minification gain and flux gain

28
Q

Occurs due to the same number of light photons produced on IP being compressed to the small area of the OP

A

Minification gain

29
Q

Input phosphor diameter can be from ___ to ___ and the output phosphor diameter is usually ____

A 
IP = 4" to 20"
OP = 1"
30
Q

M.G. is simply to increase _______ or _____, not to improve the quality or number of light photons of the image

A

Brightness or intensity

31
Q 
Flux gain = # of light photons at the \_\_\_\_\_ /
# of light photons at the \_\_\_\_
A

OP; IP

32
Q

Routine sizes of the input phosphor

A

4.5”, 6”, 9”, 12” (16”, 20”)

33
Q

Two most common video cameras used in fluoroscopy

A

Vidicon and plumbicon

34
Q

Body section radiography

A

Tomography

35
Q

Tomography is a special x-ray technique that ____ out the ____ of superimposed structures to show more clearly to principle structures being examined

A

Blurs; shadows

36
Q

In tomography the object being examined is not focused in the normal sense but rather its _________ is enhanced by the blurring of the adjacent structures

A

Radiographic contrast

37
Q

Three other names for tomography

A

Planigraphy, stratigraphy and laminography

38
Q

Consists of an x-ray tube, movable bucky, and rigid connecting rod which rotates about a fixed fulcrum

A

Linear tomography

39
Q

The imaginary pivot point about which the tube and film move. It lies within the object or focal plane

A

Fulcrum

40
Q

Fulcrum is stationary; table and patient is raised or lowered

A

Grossman principle

41
Q

Adjustable fulcrum system where the fulcrum is raised or lowered and the patient/table remains stationary

A

Plaingraphic principle

42
Q

Determines the thickness of the tomographic cut

A

Tomographic angle

43
Q

Large angle = _____ thickness

Small angle = ______ thickness

A

Small; large

44
Q

Name the six types of tube motion

A 
Linear 
Circular 
Elliptical 
Figure 8 
Hypocycloidal
Spiral/tri-spiral
45
Q

How do you determine the level of the tomo scout?

A
  1. Measure the patient
  2. Divide the measurement by 2
  3. Subtract 2 from that number

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