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Physics > Final Mock 2 > Flashcards

Final Mock 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

The number of useful X-rays in the beam defines X-ray ______.

A

Quantity

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1
Q

Extra focal or off-focus radiation is produced from ______.

A

Rebounding electrons

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2
Q

The discrete portion of the X-Ray emission spectrum would change position with a charge in ______.

A

Target material

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3
Q

A low quality beam would also have low _____.

A

Penetrability

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4
Q

X-rays transmitted without interaction contribute to ______.

A

The image fog

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5
Q

High capacity tube rotors revolve at ______.

A

10,000 rpm

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6
Q

________ occurs only at the very high energies used in radiation therapy and in nuclear medicine PET imaging.

A

Pair production

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7
Q

Each tube has its own tube rating chart to show ______.

A

Maximum exposure times

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8
Q

Because of differential absorption, about ____ of the incident beam from the X-ray tube contributes to the finished image.

A

0.5%

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9
Q

An outer-shell electron is ejected and the atom is ionized with ______.

A

Compton interactions

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10
Q

The heel effect is caused by the ______.

A

Anode angle

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11
Q

The rotating anode is turned by a ______.

A

Magnetic field

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12
Q

The X-ray intensity is lower on the anode side of the ______.

A

Heel effect

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13
Q

Thermionic emission at the filament creates a ______.

A

Space charge

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14
Q

The main purpose of added filtration is to reduce ______.

A

Patient dose

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15
Q

The amplitude of the emission spectrum is ____ with a _____ generator than/as with a three-phase generator.

A

Lower; single-phase

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16
Q

Differential absorption is dependent on the ______, _____ and ______.

A

kVp of the exposure, atomic number of the absorber, and mass density of the absorber

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17
Q

If and exposure is 50 mR at an SID of 40 inches, what would the exposure be at an SID of 60 inches?

A

22.2 mR

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18
Q

A compensating filter is used to create ____ optical density with a body part of ____ thickness.

A

Uniform; non-uniform

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19
Q

The use of contrast agents increases the amount of _______.

A

Photoelectric absorption

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20
Q

Attenuation is caused by ______ and _______.

A

Absorption and scattering

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21
Q

Bremsstrahlung X-rays are produced by ______ at the target.

A

Slowing electrons

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22
Q

Characteristic K-shell X-rays have an effective energy of ___ keV.

A

69

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23
Q

Standard X-ray machines produce about __ mR/mAs at 70 kVp measured at 100 cm SID.

A

5

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24
Q

The cathode side of the tube should be towards the ____ part of the patient.

A

Thicker

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25
Q

X-ray intensity is proportional to ______.

A

kVp squared

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26
Q

Projectile electrons travel from ________.

A

Cathode to anode

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27
Q

The half value layer (HVL) of an X-ray beam is a measurement of beam ______.

A

Quality

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28
Q

The efficiency of X-ray production increases as _____ increases.

A

kVp

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29
Q

If 5% of an incident beam is transmitted through a body part, then 95% if that beam was _______.

A

Attenuated

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30
Q

Compton interactions, photoelectric absorption, and transmitted X-rays all contribute to ________.

A

Differential absorption

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31
Q

K-shell binding energy increases with increasing _______.

A

Atomic number

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32
Q

Localized pitting or cracking on the anode can occur from _______.

A

Long exposure times

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33
Q

Which X-ray interaction involves the ejection of the K-shell electron?

A

Photoelectric absorption

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34
Q

Beam quality is affected by _____ and _____.

A

kVp and filtration

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35
Q

A negative contrast agent is _____.

A

Air

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36
Q

Compton scatter is directed at ______ angle from the incident beam.

A

Any

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37
Q

At the target, the projectile electrons interact with __________.

A

Outer and inner shell electrons

38
Q

The filament is made of ______.

A

Tungsten

39
Q

The inverse square law has the same effect on optical density and X-ray _____, ______, and ______.

A

Intensity, exposure, and quantity

40
Q

The penetrability of an X-ray beam is called X-ray ______.

A

Quality

41
Q

A dual focus tube has two ______.

A

Filaments

42
Q

Only at energies above 10 mEv can ___________ take place.

A

Photodisintegration

43
Q

An increase in mAs ________ of the emission spectrum.

A

Would increase the amplitude only

44
Q

The efficiency of X-ray production is ______ the tube current.

A

Directly proportional to

45
Q

There is a complete absorption of the incident X-ray photon with ______.

A

Photoelectric effect

46
Q

Because of the line focus principle, the effective focal spot size decreases with decreasing _________.

A

Target angle

47
Q

Most of the heat generated at the target is due to ________.

A

Inner-shell ionization

48
Q

Image fog in diagnostic imaging is caused by _________.

A

Compton scatter

49
Q

Added filtration will ____ beam quality and _____ beam quantity.

A

Increase; decrease

50
Q

At 55% kVp ____ of the X-rays produced are Bremsstrahlung.

A

100%

51
Q

If filter thickness is ________, then X-ray intentisy is ________.

A

Increased/reduced; reduced/increased

52
Q

Electron interaction at the inner shell of the target atoms produce _______ radiation.

A

Characteristic

53
Q

A 15% increase in kVp is equivalent to _________.

A

Halving the mAs

54
Q

X-ray bean quality is improved by __________.

A

Increasing filtration

55
Q

The _____ is the source of radiation in the X-ray tube.

A

Focal spot

56
Q

If X-ray quantity is doubled, the optical density on the finished radiograph will be _________.

A

Increased by a factor of two

57
Q

The effective focal spot size is ____ than the actual focal spot size

A

Smaller

58
Q

What is the formula for heat units for a three-phase, six-pulse X-ray machine?

A

1.35 x kVp x mA x seconds

59
Q

Changes in ___ result in directly proportional changes in the amplitude of the emission spectrum.

A

mA

60
Q

High kVp technique reduce __________.

A

Differential absorption

61
Q

When the mass denisty of the absorber is _____, it results in ______ Compton scatter.

A

Increased; decreased

62
Q

Approximately ___ of the kinetic energy of the projectile electrons is converted to X-rays at the target.

A

1%

63
Q

Barium is a good contrast agent because of its _________.

A

High atomic number

64
Q

The production of heat at the anode is directly proportional to _______.

A

Tube current

65
Q

What has the greatest mass density?

A

Bone

66
Q

The useful characteristic X-rays from tungsten targets are _____ x-rays.

A

K-shell

67
Q

A 10% increase in kVp has ____ effect on x-ray intensity than/as a 10% increase in mAs.

A

Less

68
Q

The scattered x-ray from a Compton interaction usually retains ____ of the energy of the incident photon.

A

Most

69
Q

Most of the x-ray produced at the target are _________.

A

Bremsstrahlung

70
Q

As kVp ______, the probability of photoelectric absorption ______.

A

Increases; decreases

71
Q

How does added filtration affect the emission spectrum?

A

Reduced amplitude and a shift to the right

72
Q

An x-ray beam that could pass through dense tissue would have high _______ and _______.

A

Penetrability and quality

73
Q

An increase of 15% in kVp is equivalent to increasing mAs _____.

A

30%

74
Q

If a technologist changes the technique from 70 kVp @ 200 mAs to 70 kVp @ 400 mAs, then the x-ray intensity will ______ and optical density will ______.

A

Remain the same; double

75
Q

The _____ of an x-ray beam is higher when the peak of the emission spectrum is farther to the ____.

A

Quality; right

76
Q

The ____ are outside the glass envelope.

A

Stators

77
Q

Roentgens (or Grays) is the measurement of x-ray _____, ______, and _______.

A

Quantity, exposure and intensity

78
Q

X-ray quantity increases in direct proportion to increase in _____.

A

kVp

79
Q

Characteristic x-ray are produced by _________.

A

Released binding energy

80
Q

When electrons bombard the target, ____ of their kinetic energy is converted to heat.

A

99%

81
Q

An exposure taken at 100 kVp would have a continuous emission spectrum with a maximum energy of ____ keV

A

69

82
Q

The two primary forms of x-ray interaction in the diagnostic range are _______ and ________.

A

Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption

83
Q

The quantity of Bremsstrahlung radiation increases proportionately with increased _____.

A

mAs

84
Q

The HVL is lowered by a decrease in _____.

A

kVp

85
Q

An incident x-ray interacts with an atom without ionization during _______.

A

Coherent scattering

86
Q

If the intensity of 70 kVp exposure at 20 mAs is 100 mR, what would it be at 5 mAs?

A

25 mR

87
Q

The filament in a x-ray tube is about ______ in length.

A

1-2 cm

88
Q

Each tube has its own tube chart to show ________.

A

Maximum exposure times

89
Q

The target of the rotating anode is usually coated with a ______ alloy

A

Tungsten

90
Q

At energies below 40 keV, the predominant x-ray interaction is soft tissue and bone is ________.

A

Photoelectric absorption

91
Q

Tube failure can occur from _________.

A

Long exposure times

92
Q

Image contrast is affected by _____ and ____.

A

Beam quality and kVp

93
Q

During an exposure most of the _____ energy of the projectile electrons is converted to ______.

A

Kinetic; heat

Physics (5 decks)

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