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Medical Imaging > Fluoroscopic Imaging > Flashcards

Fluoroscopic Imaging Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Which one of the following statements about Fluoroscopy is NOT true?

A.It is used for producing images of moving structures

B.It is based on the ability of X-rays to produce visible light when they are absorbed by phosphors

C.They are useful for imaging GI tract

D.They are useful for diagnosing acute ischaemic stroke

A

D.They are useful for diagnosing acute ischaemic stroke

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2
Q

Purpose of fluroscopy

A

widely used in radiography to produce images of moving structures which can be used for real-time diagnostic imaging and treatment guidance.

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3
Q

How is fluorescence produced?

A

In the process of fluorescence, phosphors absorb high-energy X-ray photons and emit short bursts of visible light

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4
Q

What may fluroscopy be used for?

A
  • Evaluation of various parts of GI tract such as oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
  • Detection of certain GI tract cancers
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5
Q

Fluroscopic examinations use —— as contrast media (barium swallow, barium meal and barium enema)

A

•These examinations use barium sulphate as contrast media

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6
Q

Following diagram represents the conversion process in an image intensifier used in a analogue fluoroscope.

What components are represented by 1, 2 and 3?

A.Input phosphor, Photocathode, Output phosphor

B.Photocathode, Input phosphor, Output phosphor

C.Input phosphor, Output phosphor, Photocathode

D.Output Phosphor, Photocathode, Input phosphor

A

A.Input phosphor, Photocathode, Output phosphor

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7
Q

Analogue fluoroscopy- Image Intensifier field of view is how big?

A

40 cm

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8
Q

Which one of the following claims for Flat Panel Detectors being better than traditional Image Intensifiers is NOT true?

A.Images lack geometric distortion

B.Compact structure allows greater flexibility of movement

C.They are cheaper than traditional image intensifiers

D.They may reduce patient radiation dose by 50%

A

C.They are cheaper than traditional image intensifiers

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9
Q

2 benefits of digital fluroscopy

A
  • Smaller imaging chain > more flexible movement during fluoroscopy
  • Fewer artefacts/image problems
  • No TV system required
  • *Reduced image noise*
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10
Q

Drawback to digital fluroscopy

A

High cost > cardiac & angio applications

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11
Q

How is electronic amplification of image brightness achieved in fluoroscopy

A

using an image intensifier

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12
Q

What’s the difference between fluoroscopy and standard x-ray

A

Uses standard X-rays, but lower mA as its done over time. Slower resolution images as a result

C-arm can be rotated during surgery, to take pictures around the patient.

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13
Q

Identify parts A, B and C in this image

A
  • A=Television camera
  • B= Image Intensifier (Field Of View 40 cm)
  • C = x-ray tube
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14
Q

are the images produced in fluoroscopy real-time or not?

A

Yes- they are real-time

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15
Q

The video signal from the television camera is ——-, where the voltage signal varies continuously

Analog or dialogue

A

The video signal from the television camera is analog, where the voltage signal varies continuously

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16
Q

The pixels produced by the stepping of the analog signal can then be what to make the image

A

The value of each pixel can be mapped to a brightness level for viewing on a display monitor, or to an optical density for hard copy on film

17
Q

What are parts A and B in this image

A
  • A= flat-panel image receptor
  • B= x-ray tube
18
Q

Give 2 advantages of FPD

A
  • Smaller imaging chain > more flexible movement during fluoroscopy
  • Fewer artefacts/image problems
  • Lower doses
  • No TV system required
  • *Reduced image noise*
19
Q

Give a disadvantage of FPD

A
  • High cost
20
Q
A
21
Q

What is the disadvantage of the FPD image here?

A
  • Better resolution
  • Rectangular image fits more information in
22
Q

What are the two types of FPD

A
  • Caesium iodide amorphous silicon (indirect capture)
  • Amorphous selenium (direct capture)
23
Q

What system erases change from the previous frame to prevent ‘ghosting’

A
  • “Backlighting” system erases charge from previous frame to prevent “ghosting” of images (i.e. not seeing image from previous frame on the new frame)
24
Q

Benefits of fluoroscopy post-processing above other Imaging modalities

A
  • Post processing options common to all digital images
  • Do not suffer from some of the image distortion of IIs (more later.)
25
Q

Why is barium sulphate an ideal contrast medium

A
  • Improves contrast appropriately to the body part
  • Demonstrates required anatomy or function
  • Is physically inert (non-toxic, not going to interact with body, and clears quickly)
26
Q

How is barium sulphate administered, and therefore which organs is it used to identify

A
  • Administered: orally or by enema
  • Solely used for the GI tract
  • Used to coat the walls of the hollow GI tract
  • Note: the body cannot metabolise BaSO4
27
Q

Disadvantages of using barium sulphate

A
  • Increases x-rays penetrating through tissues
  • Organ becomes radiolucent
  • Gasses (air or carbon dioxide)
28
Q

Advantages of barium sulphate

A
  • Absorbs radiation so no penetration through that tissue
  • Organ becomes radiopaque
29
Q

What are the contraindications and precautions needed when using barium sulphate

A
  • Precautions: adequate hydration post examination to allow rapid elimination of the barium after the examination
  • Contraindications: perforations (or suspicions of GI tract & proximal to an obstructed bowel)
30
Q

What would happen if barium sulphate got into the abdominal cavity

A

cause chemical peritonitis if it escapes into the abdominal cavity

31
Q

What procedure is being shown here

A

A barium sulphate swallow

32
Q

Benefits of capsule endoscopy

A
33
Q

What organs can a capsule endoscopy show

A
34
Q

What is a micturating cystogram

A
  • Bladder filled with contrast material
  • The catheter is then quickly withdrawn and additional spot films are taken including oblique views of the ureters, bladder and urethra.
  • A post micturition film of kidneys.
    • Recurrent kidney infections- malformations of the bladder junction so some backflows to kidney
35
Q

Why might a HSG be performed

A

To determine a potential cause of infertility

Medical Imaging (13 decks)

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