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SGU pathology > fluids & vascular > Flashcards

fluids & vascular Flashcards

1
Q

what side of the heart pumps to the lungs?

A

Right side

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2
Q

what side of the heart pumps to the systemic circulation?

A

left side

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3
Q

Describe arteries ?

A
  1. distribution center
  2. rapid blood flow w/ minimal resistant
  3. high flow rate & high pressure
  4. Thick tunic media
  5. expand during heart contraction
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4
Q

describe veins ?

A

collection system

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5
Q

what happens to arteries after heart contraction?

A

passively recoil to provide continuous flow & pressure btwn contraction

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6
Q

what are the major vascular. resistance vessels that distribute blood to areas of need?

A

arterioles

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7
Q

How are arterioles controlled smooth muscle contraction ?

A
  1. systemic innervation

2. local stimuli

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8
Q

describe arterioles ?

A

narrow lumen controlled by smooth m. & elastic fiber

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9
Q

what is the site of nutrient product exchange btwn blood & tissue ?

A

capillaries

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10
Q

How much does capillaries make up total blood volume?

A

5%

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11
Q

What is the velocity in capillaries ?

A

low

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12
Q

what are the type of capillaries ?

A
  1. continuous
  2. fenestrated
  3. discontinuous ( sinusoidal)
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13
Q

what is the post capillary venues in the systemic circulation to return blood to the heart with thin wall & very distensible ?

A

venues

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14
Q

describe venues ?

A
  1. low vascular resistance
  2. low pressure & velocity
  3. maintains blood flow
  4. stores 65% of blood volume
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15
Q

What is the blind ended capillaries parallel vascular capillaries ?

A

lymphatic system

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16
Q

Describe lymphatic system?

A
  1. large inter-endothelial gaps
  2. values prevents back flow
  3. low pressure vessels w/ smooth m.
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17
Q

Where does the lymphatic capillaries drain into & where does it eventually end up?

A
  1. larger vessel that enter lymph nodes

2. thoracic duct to vena cava

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18
Q

How does the low pressure vessels with smooth m. allow ?

A

fluid to enter back into blood

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19
Q

when is there an active states btwn the blood & interstitial ?

A
  1. oxidative stress
  2. inflammation
  3. infectious agents
  4. trauma
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20
Q

What does an active states btwn blood & interitium perform?

A
  1. release vasoactive & cytokine mediators
  2. activate clotting system
  3. fluid loss (edema) or hemorrhage
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21
Q

what in the interstitial will act as receptors for leukocytes to transit from blood into intersitum?

A

Adhesive glycoproteins

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22
Q

what is the extracellular matrix composed of in the intersitium ?

A
  1. Type I collagen

2. adhesive glycoproteins

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23
Q

Water makes up what percent of the body weight ?

A

60%

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24
Q

what percents of water is composed in the insterstitium?

A

80% ECF

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25
Q

what percent of water is composed in the plasma?

A

20%

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26
Q

Where does blood pool in right sided heart failure ?

A

systemic circulation

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27
Q

which vessels have increase pressure ?

A

Arteries

28
Q

Where does left sided heart failure blood pool?

A

pulmonary vessels

29
Q

what type of pressure in a fluid system acts as a pump

A

hydraulic /hydrostatic

30
Q

What type of pressure’s force applied to arterial wall?

A

systolic blood pressure

31
Q

What does systolic blood pressure favor across vessels ?

A

filtration

32
Q

what type of pressure has colloidal solutes or particle to large to permeate the blood vessels wall to create osmotic pressure ?

A

colloidal osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure

33
Q

what does on oncotic pressure favor?

A

reabsorption / absorption

34
Q

what percent of Alb contributes to total COP in plasma ?

A

80%

35
Q

what is starling forces ?

A

exchange of water = [ hydraulic pressure - oncontic pressure]

36
Q

What are the starling forces in arteriolar end ?

A

filtration (outward pressure)

37
Q

what are the starling forces in venous end

A

absorption (inward pressure)

38
Q

In the glomerular capillaries the afferent arteriolar end promotes ?

A

filtration

39
Q

In the glomerular capillaries the efferent arteriolar end promotes ?

A

absorption

40
Q

What depends on the intravascular vs extravascular protein concentration ?

A

oncotic pressure gradient

41
Q

What is the safety mechanism when there is an excess interstitial fluid ?

A

removed by lymphatics

42
Q

What does it means if the filtration coefficient is 0?

A

very permeable

43
Q

what does it mean if the filtration coefficient is more than 0?

A

not permeable

44
Q

what is the purpose of hydraulic/oncotic pressure gradients?

A
  1. constant flow btwn microcirculation & interstitial space
  2. interstitial acts as fluid buffer compartment
45
Q

What does constant flow btwn microcirculation & interstitial space in hydraulic/oncotic pressure gradient?

A

exchange of nutrients waste product to support cell function

46
Q

how does the interstitial act as fluid buffer compartment in hydraulic/oncotic pressure gradients?

A

increase or decrease plasma volume to ensure effective circulatory function

47
Q

What does an imbalance btwn interstitial & intracellular compartment lead to ?

A

Edema

  1. hypervolemia
  2. hypovolemia
48
Q

What is the 2 step formation of edema?

A
  1. movement of fluid from vascular space to interstitium due to increase hydraulic pressure (Pcap) in heart
  2. decrease plasma fluid volume triggers rentention of Na & H2O by kidney (RAAS) returns plasma volume
49
Q

What are the major alternation in capillary dynamics to cause Edematous states?

A
  1. intravascular permeability
  2. increase hydraulic pressure
  3. decrease oncotic pressure (COP)
  4. decrease lymphatic drainage
50
Q

What can cause increase intravascular permeability ?

A
  1. inflammatory vasoactive substance
  2. infectious agents
  3. immune mediated mechanism
  4. toxins
  5. metabolic
  6. clotting abnormalities
51
Q

what are types inflammatory vasoactive substance that will increase intravascular permeability ?

A
  1. histamine
  2. substance P
  3. bradykinin
  4. cytokines
52
Q

What are types infectious agents that will increase intravascular permeability?

A
  1. viruses

2. bacteria

53
Q

what are type immune mediated mechanism that will increase intravascular permeability?

A

immune complex vasculitis secondary to infectious agents → Type III immune complexes

54
Q

what are type of toxins that can increase intravascular permeability ?

A

endotoxin that cause endothelial gaps to widen

55
Q

what type of metabolic disease can cause increase intravascular permeability?

A
  1. diabetes

2. microaniogpathy

56
Q

what are type of clotting abnormalities that increase intravascular permeability?

A

rat poisoning

57
Q

What can increased intravascular permeability leads to ?

A

exudate→ leakage of protein & movement of inflammatory cells in spaces

58
Q

What does increase hydraulic pressure in right-sided heart failure cause?

A
  1. increase filtration of fluid & reduced absorption in venules
  2. ascites
  3. hydrpoeritoneum
  4. peritoneal
  5. effusion
59
Q

what does increase -hydraulic pressure in left -sided heart failure cause ?

A
  1. pulmonary hypertension
  2. pulmonary edema
  3. pleural effusion
60
Q

what does increase hydraulic pressure cause edema ?

A
  1. generalized heart failure
  2. localize venous obstruction
  3. fluid overload
61
Q

increase hydraulic pressure of localized venous obstruction will cause by what ?

A
  1. gastic dialtion volvulus
  2. venous thromboses
  3. intestinal twisting
62
Q

what are type of fluid overloads are caused by increase hydraulic pressure ?

A
  1. Iatrogenic

2. sodium retention w/ renal disease

63
Q

Edema or ascites causes decreased Intravascular COP which leads to ?

A
  1. decrease alb production
  2. protein losing-enteropathy
  3. protein losing -nephropathy
  4. Burns
64
Q

Edema causes decrease lymphatic drainage of excess interstitial fluid which leads to ?

A
  1. obstruction or compression of lymphatic
  2. Lymphatic asplasia or hypopasia
  3. Lymphangitis
65
Q

what are type of effusions?

A
  1. pericardial effusion
  2. Pleural effusion
  3. peritoneal effusion

SGU pathology (2 decks)

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