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fluids & vascular Flashcards

1
Q

what side of the heart pumps to the lungs?

A

Right side

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2
Q

what side of the heart pumps to the systemic circulation?

A

left side

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3
Q

Describe arteries ?

A
  1. distribution center
  2. rapid blood flow w/ minimal resistant
  3. high flow rate & high pressure
  4. Thick tunic media
  5. expand during heart contraction
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4
Q

describe veins ?

A

collection system

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5
Q

what happens to arteries after heart contraction?

A

passively recoil to provide continuous flow & pressure btwn contraction

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6
Q

what are the major vascular. resistance vessels that distribute blood to areas of need?

A

arterioles

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7
Q

How are arterioles controlled smooth muscle contraction ?

A
  1. systemic innervation

2. local stimuli

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8
Q

describe arterioles ?

A

narrow lumen controlled by smooth m. & elastic fiber

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9
Q

what is the site of nutrient product exchange btwn blood & tissue ?

A

capillaries

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10
Q

How much does capillaries make up total blood volume?

A

5%

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11
Q

What is the velocity in capillaries ?

A

low

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12
Q

what are the type of capillaries ?

A
  1. continuous
  2. fenestrated
  3. discontinuous ( sinusoidal)
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13
Q

what is the post capillary venues in the systemic circulation to return blood to the heart with thin wall & very distensible ?

A

venues

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14
Q

describe venues ?

A
  1. low vascular resistance
  2. low pressure & velocity
  3. maintains blood flow
  4. stores 65% of blood volume
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15
Q

What is the blind ended capillaries parallel vascular capillaries ?

A

lymphatic system

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16
Q

Describe lymphatic system?

A
  1. large inter-endothelial gaps
  2. values prevents back flow
  3. low pressure vessels w/ smooth m.
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17
Q

Where does the lymphatic capillaries drain into & where does it eventually end up?

A
  1. larger vessel that enter lymph nodes

2. thoracic duct to vena cava

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18
Q

How does the low pressure vessels with smooth m. allow ?

A

fluid to enter back into blood

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19
Q

when is there an active states btwn the blood & interstitial ?

A
  1. oxidative stress
  2. inflammation
  3. infectious agents
  4. trauma
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20
Q

What does an active states btwn blood & interitium perform?

A
  1. release vasoactive & cytokine mediators
  2. activate clotting system
  3. fluid loss (edema) or hemorrhage
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21
Q

what in the interstitial will act as receptors for leukocytes to transit from blood into intersitum?

A

Adhesive glycoproteins

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22
Q

what is the extracellular matrix composed of in the intersitium ?

A
  1. Type I collagen

2. adhesive glycoproteins

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23
Q

Water makes up what percent of the body weight ?

A

60%

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24
Q

what percents of water is composed in the insterstitium?

A

80% ECF

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25
what percent of water is composed in the plasma?
20%
26
Where does blood pool in right sided heart failure ?
systemic circulation
27
which vessels have increase pressure ?
Arteries
28
Where does left sided heart failure blood pool?
pulmonary vessels
29
what type of pressure in a fluid system acts as a pump
hydraulic /hydrostatic
30
What type of pressure's force applied to arterial wall?
systolic blood pressure
31
What does systolic blood pressure favor across vessels ?
filtration
32
what type of pressure has colloidal solutes or particle to large to permeate the blood vessels wall to create osmotic pressure ?
colloidal osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure
33
what does on oncotic pressure favor?
reabsorption / absorption
34
what percent of Alb contributes to total COP in plasma ?
80%
35
what is starling forces ?
exchange of water = [ hydraulic pressure - oncontic pressure]
36
What are the starling forces in arteriolar end ?
filtration (outward pressure)
37
what are the starling forces in venous end
absorption (inward pressure)
38
In the glomerular capillaries the afferent arteriolar end promotes ?
filtration
39
In the glomerular capillaries the efferent arteriolar end promotes ?
absorption
40
What depends on the intravascular vs extravascular protein concentration ?
oncotic pressure gradient
41
What is the safety mechanism when there is an excess interstitial fluid ?
removed by lymphatics
42
What does it means if the filtration coefficient is 0?
very permeable
43
what does it mean if the filtration coefficient is more than 0?
not permeable
44
what is the purpose of hydraulic/oncotic pressure gradients?
1. constant flow btwn microcirculation & interstitial space 2. interstitial acts as fluid buffer compartment
45
What does constant flow btwn microcirculation & interstitial space in hydraulic/oncotic pressure gradient?
exchange of nutrients waste product to support cell function
46
how does the interstitial act as fluid buffer compartment in hydraulic/oncotic pressure gradients?
increase or decrease plasma volume to ensure effective circulatory function
47
What does an imbalance btwn interstitial & intracellular compartment lead to ?
Edema 1. hypervolemia 2. hypovolemia
48
What is the 2 step formation of edema?
1. movement of fluid from vascular space to interstitium due to increase hydraulic pressure (Pcap) in heart 2. decrease plasma fluid volume triggers rentention of Na & H2O by kidney (RAAS) returns plasma volume
49
What are the major alternation in capillary dynamics to cause Edematous states?
1. intravascular permeability 2. increase hydraulic pressure 3. decrease oncotic pressure (COP) 4. decrease lymphatic drainage
50
What can cause increase intravascular permeability ?
1. inflammatory vasoactive substance 2. infectious agents 3. immune mediated mechanism 4. toxins 5. metabolic 6. clotting abnormalities
51
what are types inflammatory vasoactive substance that will increase intravascular permeability ?
1. histamine 2. substance P 3. bradykinin 4. cytokines
52
What are types infectious agents that will increase intravascular permeability?
1. viruses | 2. bacteria
53
what are type immune mediated mechanism that will increase intravascular permeability?
immune complex vasculitis secondary to infectious agents → Type III immune complexes
54
what are type of toxins that can increase intravascular permeability ?
endotoxin that cause endothelial gaps to widen
55
what type of metabolic disease can cause increase intravascular permeability?
1. diabetes | 2. microaniogpathy
56
what are type of clotting abnormalities that increase intravascular permeability?
rat poisoning
57
What can increased intravascular permeability leads to ?
exudate→ leakage of protein & movement of inflammatory cells in spaces
58
What does increase hydraulic pressure in right-sided heart failure cause?
1. increase filtration of fluid & reduced absorption in venules 2. ascites 3. hydrpoeritoneum 4. peritoneal 5. effusion
59
what does increase -hydraulic pressure in left -sided heart failure cause ?
1. pulmonary hypertension 2. pulmonary edema 3. pleural effusion
60
what does increase hydraulic pressure cause edema ?
1. generalized heart failure 2. localize venous obstruction 3. fluid overload
61
increase hydraulic pressure of localized venous obstruction will cause by what ?
1. gastic dialtion volvulus 2. venous thromboses 3. intestinal twisting
62
what are type of fluid overloads are caused by increase hydraulic pressure ?
1. Iatrogenic | 2. sodium retention w/ renal disease
63
Edema or ascites causes decreased Intravascular COP which leads to ?
1. decrease alb production 2. protein losing-enteropathy 3. protein losing -nephropathy 4. Burns
64
Edema causes decrease lymphatic drainage of excess interstitial fluid which leads to ?
1. obstruction or compression of lymphatic 2. Lymphatic asplasia or hypopasia 3. Lymphangitis
65
what are type of effusions?
1. pericardial effusion 2. Pleural effusion 3. peritoneal effusion

SGU pathology (2 decks)

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