Fluids, Electrolytes, and Renal System

Question 1

Which part(s) of the renal tubules, do not play a significant role in urinary acidification?

Answer 1

Loop of Henle and Distal Tubule

Question 2

For H+ excretion occurs by the formation of what two molecules?

Answer 2

Formation of Ammonia (NH3)

And

Formation of Titrable acids
(H3PO4 and H2SO4 )

All substances form as a buffer for H+
And also keep the urine acidic

Question 3

What is the forumila for Net Acid Excretion?

Answer 3

Net Acid Excretion = (Titrable acid + NH4 (ammonium) - Non Reabsorbed HCO3-

Question 4

What are the 3 Intracellular Buffers that buffer Acid Base Balance?

Answer 4

Bone Apatite (major buffer system)
Hemoglobin
Organic Phosphates

Question 5

What are the 4 Extracellular Buffers that buffer Acid Base Balance?

Answer 5

HCO3-
Phosphates
Proteins
CO2 generation crosses the BBB, decreases Ph and stimulates chemoreceptors; this increases respiratory drive, thereby eliminating CO2 (MAJOR BUFFER SYSTEM)

Question 6

What is the most common type for RTA?

Answer 6

Sub type 5: a.k.a. early childhood RTA is most common known as tubule insensitivity to aldosterone effect observations normal to mature with age.

Subtype 1 - one aldosterone deficiency – sodium chloride wasting, increased, decreased pH, increased K plus.

Sub-type 4 - pseudo, hypo aldosteronism: (rare)

Question 7

Regulates glucose levels because of role in insulin metabolism

In animals - diabetes
In humans - unknown

Answer 7

Chromium

Question 8

Trace element

Which is a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin required for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Vitamin C enhances absorption

Answer 8

VITAMIN C

Question 9

Role in enzyme activation (e.g. superoxide dismutase)

Important for normal bone structure

Role in CHO Metabolism

Answer 9

Manganese

Question 10

Cofactor in glutamine peroxide

In animals cause muscles disease
In humans causes cardiomyopathy

Answer 10

Selenium

Question 11

Trace element

Important component of several enzymes (e.g. carbonic anhydrase and carboxypeptidase)

Important for growth

Answer 11

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica -

Autosomal Recessive Disorder in which there is an abnormality of zinc absorption or transport

Failure to thrive, alopecia, diarrhea, dermatitis (commonly personal), ocular changes

Rash (involving face, extremities and anogenital areas)

Nail hypoplasia or dysplasia

Question 12

What is the primary carbohydrate in human milk?

Answer 12

Lactose

Question 13

How much percentage wise does protein deliver in human milk?

How much calories percentage wise does fat provide?

Answer 13

75%

50%