fluids&electrolytes

Question 1

non electrolytes

Answer 1

do not dissociate in H2O

Question 2

electrolytes

Answer 2

dissociate in H2O

contribute to more osmotic pressure

Question 3

major fluid compartments

Answer 3

intracellular fluid (cytosol) 2/3rds
extracellular fluid (plasma, lymph, CSF) 1/3rd

Question 4

difference b/t ECF & ICF

Answer 4

ICF=negatively charged proteins

ECF= little or no proteins

Question 5

difference between interstitial fluid & plasma

Answer 5

plasma has proteins

interstitial fluid little to no proteins

Question 6

fluids enter body via?

Answer 6

food & H2O

Question 7

fluids exit body via?

Answer 7

urine, sweat, breathing, feces

Question 8

insensible fluid loss

Answer 8

unmeasurable aka sweat, breathing

Question 9

sensible fluid loss

Answer 9

measurable aka feces, urine

Question 10

obligatory fluid loss

Answer 10

fluid loss that ALWAYS occurs regardless of hydration

happens via breathing, feces, urine

Question 11

facultative fluid loss

Answer 11

depends on hydration

happens via urine

Question 12

intake of electrolytes

Answer 12

from diet

Question 13

loss of electrolytes

Answer 13

kidneys and sweat

Question 14

hormone regulation of electrolytes

Answer 14

PTH and calcitonin for Ca2+

Question 15

increasing thirst (4)

Answer 15

dry mouth
increased blood osmolarity
decreased BP
angiotensin II

Question 16

decreasing thirst (4)

Answer 16

increased saliva
stomach distention
decreased blood osmolarity
increased BP

Question 17

4 hormones regulating output

Answer 17

renin-angiotensin
antidiuretic
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 18

renin-angiotensin

1. stimuli
2. what happens?
3. effect?

Answer 18

1. decreased BP
2. JG apparatus releases Renin
   Renin activated angiotensin I and II
3. vasoconstriction, decreased GFR, increase thirst, release of ADH, decrease urine output

Question 19

antidiuretic hormone

1. stimuli
2. effect

Answer 19

1. low blood volume, angiotensin II, increased blood osmolarity
2. increase thirst, increase kidney H2O absorption, vasoconstriction

Question 20

aldosterone

1. stimuli
2. effect

Answer 20

1. angiotensin II, decreased Na+, increased K+

2. increases K+ excretion to urine & increase Na+ reabsorption

Question 21

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

1. stimuli
2. effect

Answer 21

1. stretch of atria

2. vasodilation, increased GFR, increase Na+ in urine, decrease renin release, decrease aldosterone and ADH

Question 22

normal body pH

Answer 22

7.35-7.45

Question 23

volatile acid

Answer 23

produced from gas

CO2+H2O↔︎H2CO3↔︎H+ + HCO3-

Question 24

fixed (metabolic) acid

Answer 24

produced from metabolic wastes

i.e. lactic acid, keto acid

Question 25

3 chemical buffers

Answer 25

phosphate →in ICF
bicarbonate→in ECF
protein→in ICF

Question 26

physiologic buffers (2)

Answer 26

renal regulation

respiratory regulation

Question 27

respiratory acidosis

Answer 27

↓pH b/c resp issues

Question 28

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 28

↑pH b/c resp issues

Question 29

metabolic acidosis

Answer 29

↓pH b/c nonresp issues

Question 30

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 30

↑pH b/c nonresp issues

Question 31

compensation for acid-base disturbances

1. respiratory
2. metabolic

Answer 31

1. compensated by renal mechanism

2. compensated by resp. system & sometimes renal mechanism if kidneys are OK