Fluids,Electrolyctes, &Acid Base Flashcards
Explain normal fluid distribution and movement in the body
- Water carries nutrients into the cells, waste products out of cells, enzymes in digestive secretions, and blood cells around the body.
- Movement can be circulated through the body by Osmosis, Diffusion, Filtration, Active Transport
DIFFUSION (movement of solutes from high concentration to low concentration),
FILTRATION (movement of water and solutes from high blood to a low pressure area),
OSMOSIS (movement of water from low solute concentration to high concentrationblood)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT (Movement of solute carrier and energy from low concentration to high concentration)
Describe and compare fluid imbalance disorders.
Edema- excess fluid in interstitial space
Hypervolemia/Fluid volume excess- excess fluid in intravascular space
Water Intoxication- excess fluid in intracellular space
Caused by excess sodium/water intake or inadequate sodium/water elimination.
(heart failure, lung failure, liver, renal failure)
Explain normal electrolyte functions in the body (Sodium)
Sodium- to control serum osmolality and water balance. (most significant; main source is dietary intake)
Depolarization-sodium moves into cells
Repolarization-sodium moves out of cell
Explain normal electrolyte functions in the body (Chloride)
is a mineral electrolyte and the major extracellular anion, attaches to sodium or water.
It has a negative charge it can bind and travel with positively charged ions.
Explain normal electrolyte functions in the body (Potassium)
primary intracellular cation, plays a role in electrical conduction, acid base balance, and metabolism.
Main source is dietary intake and is excreted through the kidneys and GI tract
Explain normal electrolyte functions in the body (Calcium)
mostly found in bone and teeth, plays a role in blood clotting, hormone secretion, receptor functions, nerve transmission, & muscular contraction
Main source is dietary intake; absorbed through the GI tract (small intestine)
Excreted through urine and stool
Describe and compare electrolyte disorders
Hypernatremia
serum osmolarity increases, resulting in fluid shifts into the vascular compartments
caused by excessive sodium and deficient/insufficient intake of water
Manifestation- increased thirst
Describe and compare electrolyte disorders
Hyponatremia
Serum osmolarity decreases, water shifts into cells causes cellular swelling.
Deficient/insufficient sodium and excessive water
Manifestations-Gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes
Describe and compare electrolyte disorders
Hyperkalemia
Deficient excretion (renal failure)
Excessive intake (oral potassium)
Increased release from cells (acidosis/blood transfusions)
Describe and compare electrolyte disorders
Hypokalemia (potassium)
Excessive loss (vomiting)
Deficient intake (malnutrition)
Increased shift into cell (alkalosis/insulin excess)
Describe and compare electrolyte disorders
Hypercalcemia
Increased intake or release (cancer, immobilization)
Deficient excretion (renal failure)
Describe and compare electrolyte disorders
Hypocalcemia
Excessive losses (renal failure)
Deficient intake (decreased dietary intake, alcoholism)
Explain normal pH regulation
Normal serum pH : 7.35-7.45
Body fluids, kidneys, and lungs help maintain balance.
More hydrogen the lower the pH
Describe and compare acid base disorders
Metabolic acidosis
results from a deficiency of bicarbonate or an excess of hydrogen
the causes are bicarbonate deficient (renal losses) & Acid excess- tissue hypoxia resulting in lactic acid accumulation etc.
Manifestations- headache, coma, warmed flushed skin
Describe and compare acid base disorders
Metabolic alkalosis
Causes- Excess bicarbonate
Deficient acid (renal loss)
Manifestations- mental confusion, coma, seizures
