Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Emergency Nursing Program > Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Mental Health flashcards Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards
1
Q

What percentage of our body weight is water, depending on age?

A

60% for the average adult, 80% for an infant, and 45% for an older adult.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much fluid in the body is extracellular?

A

1/3 (~15L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much fluid in the body is intracellular?

A

2/3 (~27L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the movement of water across a semi-permable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is active transport?

A

process that uses energy to move solutes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain hydro static pressure and osmotic attraction and how they move solutes in and out of the vascular space

A

hydro static pressure is the force exerted on the walls of the capillaries by the blood, forcing solutes out of the vascular space. proteins are too big to cross the membrane, so they increase osmolality, pulling other materials back into the vascular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does damage to membranes lead to third spacing

A

damaged membranes are more permable and let proteins out, and therefore osmolality does not pull fluid back into the vascular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the tonicity of IV fluids measured against

A

the osmolality (concentration of solutes) in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an isotonic solution, and what does it do in the body?

A

has the same osmolality of blood, expands volume in the intravascular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

give examples of isotonic solutions

A

0.9% NaCL lactated ringers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who should not get ringers

A

pts with a ph >7.50, pts with liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is special about D5W

A

it is isotonic in the bag but once in the body and the dextrose is metabolized it becomes hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a hypotonic solution, and what does it do to the body?

A

osmolality is lower than blood, will push fluid into the intravascular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

give examples of hypotonic solutions

A

0.45 NaCl, 2.5 dextrose in 0.45 NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a hypertonic solution and what does it do to the body

A

osmolality is greater than blood, pulls fluids from cells into vessels

17
Q

give examples of hypertonic solutions

A

3% NaCl, 10+ D5W

18
Q

what is a colloid

A

contains large molecules which do not pass through capillary membranes

19
Q

explain how thirst works

A

regulated by the osmolality of intrvascular space, they hypothalamus shrinks as a result of hypertonicity, which stimulates the feeling of being thirsty

20
Q

explain ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone, when glomular filtrate is hypertonic, osmoreceptors in the hypothalmus stimulate ADH to be released by the pituitary gland, making the renal collecting tubules more permable to water

21
Q

explain RAAS

A

renin-algiotensin-aldosterone-system, when low filtration rate, leads to ecreation of aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorbtion

22
Q

explain baroreceptors

A

reduced stretch, activate SNS, leads to release of RAAS and ADH

23
Q

what electrolytes are found in ECF

A

sodium, calcium, chloride bicarb

24
Q

what electrolytes are found in ICF

A

potassium, magnesium, phosphorous

25
Q

what is the relationship between Mg, Phos, Ca

A

Mg and Phos move in the same direction, Ca moves opposite

26
Q

what is the relationship between K and Mg

A

is K is low Mg may also be low

27
Q

what is the relationship between Na and Cl

A

Move together

28
Q

What are the S/S of hyponatremia and how is it treated?

A

anorexia, vomiting, weakness, confusion and agitation, <110 can result in seizures, coma and death, due to cellular swelling

tx: depends on concentration, 0.9% NaCl unless severe, then 3% NaCl, have to monitor very closely for effects on brain, furosemide may be given concurrently to prevent fluid overload

29
Q

What are the S/S of hypernatremia and how is it treated?

A

signs are simular to hyponatremia, with addition of low grade fever, muscle twitching and hyperreflexia, but are secondary due to cellular dehydration

tx; hypotonic solution

30
Q

What are the S/S of hypochloremia?

A

same as hyponatremia, plus muscle weakness and slow shallow respiration

tx: as with hyponatremia

31
Q

What are S/S of hyperchloremia? tx?

A

same as hypernatremia plus deep laboured breathing

32
Q

What are causes and S/S of hypokalemia? ECG changes? Tx?

A

causes: thiazide and lasix diuretic, GI losses (nausea and vomiting), heart failure, kideny disease

S/S: potassium is needed for smooth muscle contraction, so when it is low it leads to muscle weakness, hyporeflexia, decreased GI motility, decreased respiratory function

ECG changes: depression of ST, bradycardia

Tx: oral or IV replacement, ECG monitoring, check magnesium levels too

33
Q

What are causes and S/S of hyperkalemia? ECG changes? Tx?

A

causes: shift out of cells due to burns or trauma, BB, K+ sparing diuretics, kidney failure means not able to excrete potassium

S/S: muscle weakness,

ECG: peaked t waves, sine waves

Tx: calcium gluconate, insulin/D50, salbutamol inhaler, kayexalate

34
Q

What are S/S of hypocalcemia? Tx?

A

makes the nervous system more excitable, positive Trousseaus sign (BP cuff) and positive Chvosteks sign (face), prolong QT, anxious/irritable, laryngo and bronchospasm

Tx: IV replacement

35
Q

What are S/S of hypercalcemia? Tx?

A

s/s: vague weakness, n/v, irritability, constipation

Tx: tx with fluids and diuretics, potentially dialysis

36
Q

What are S/S of hypophosphatemia? Tx?

A

s/s: weak, hemolysis, altered LOC

tx: replace

37
Q

What are S/S of hyperphosphatemia? Tx?

A

signs related to hypocalcemia

38
Q

What are S/S of hypomagnesia? Tx?

A

n/v, sedation, muscle weakness

39
Q

What are S/S of hypermagnesia? Tx?

A

depression of CNS, give calcium

Emergency Nursing Program (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions