Fluids 1 Flashcards
__ % of total body weight is water
__ % is not water
___ % is water in blood
___ % is interstitial fluids
60%
35%
5%
15%
What are some reasons for fluid therapy
Maintains body water Replaces body water Maintains blood pressure Diuresis Drug administration Parenteral nutrition Blood or blood product transfusions
What is parenteral
Any route other than orally
Describe “per os” fluid administration
By mouth (drinking)
Most natural
Largest volumes
Limitations: Patient must be awake Only Works with mild dehydration No vomiting (will make it worse) No diarrhea (won’t absorb)
describe IV fluid administration
Intravenous
Fastest
Large volumes
Status does not matter
Only choice with severe dehydration/shock
Can be used to deliver drugs/electrolytes/nutrition
Limitations:
High cost, technical, hospitalization and requires venous access
Describe SQ fluid administration
Under the skin
Most common in SA (especially cats)
Practical, fast, low cost
Generally use 0.9% NaCl or LRS
Max volume is 100ml/cat/day
Volume is limited by skin physiology
Cats have less attachment so more room for fluids
Dogs have more attachment so less room for fluids
Describe OS fluid administration
Intraosseous :into the medullary canal of a long/large bone (tibial tuberosity, trochanteric fossa of the femur, wing of ilium, greater tubercle)
Common in exotics and neonates
Technical High risk of osteomyelitis Short term Large volumes Same fluids and fluid rates as IV
What is maintenance volume
The amount of fluid intake required for basic functions in healthy animals
Varies with species, size, age, and health status
What is the adult maintenance volume
40-60 ml/kg/day
What is the paediatric maintenance volume
80-120 ml/kg/day
The rate/VTBI/hours of therapy of fluid delivery is determined by the
DVM
What is the RVTs role in fluid therapy
Convert order to ml/h then to drip rate and find start and stop times
Determine method
What is prescribed rate
Fluid administration rate ordered by DVM
mL/kg/day in SA
L/kg/day in LA
What is infusion rate
The rate at which fluids are given
Expressed in mL/h in SA
Expressed as L/h in LA
Determined by weight and prescribed rate
Must be recorded in medical record
What is drip rate
The rate of fluid administration expressed as drops/sec or drops/min when using a drip set
Specific to size of drip set used
Must be in whole drops
What is gutta (gt or gtt)
Latin for one dispensed drop
What is delivery rate
The number of calibrated drops of fluid that make up one mL of fluid
Expressed as drops/mL
Must be in whole drops
What is infusion time
Total time over which fluids are administered
Hours
What is volume infused
Total volume of fluid administered
mls or Ls
Infusion rate x infusion time
Also called volume to be Infused (VTBI)
What is a macro drip set
10/15/20 drops/ml
What is a micro drip set (paediatric)
60 drops/ml
True or false
Pediatric drip sets are based on age
False
They are based on size
What are the rough guidelines for choosing micro or macro drip sets
Macro: >10 kg or >100 ml/h
Micro: <10 kg or <100 ml/h
Steps to IV fluid administration
Weight patient Calculate infusion rate (ml/h) Calculate drip rate -using drip set (drops/sec) Prepare drip set, spike bag, attach drip set, attach extension set Hang IV bag Fill drip chamber Fill line with fluid Close clamps Check for bubbles Hang IV bag and line Place IV catheter Attach IV catheter to IV line -secure it Mark fill line on bag Set drip rate
True or false
Flow rates changes with any change in vertical distance between the bag and patient
True
If the IV bag becomes farther away from patient, increases distance, what happen to the flow rate
Increases
Maximum flow rate is limited by
Size of infusion set
Gauge of catheter
True or false
Heart failure and renal disease patients would require decreased fluids than patients with a fever or younger patients
True
