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MP - Nephro > Fluid_and_Electrolytes_Flashcards > Flashcards

Fluid_and_Electrolytes_Flashcards

1
Q

What is the percentage of water in total body weight for women?

A

50% of body weight.

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2
Q

What are the two major compartments of body fluids?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).

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3
Q

What determines fluid movement between intravascular and interstitial spaces?

A

Starling forces: capillary hydraulic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure.

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4
Q

What is the primary extracellular cation?

A

Sodium (Na+).

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5
Q

What role does vasopressin (AVP) play in water balance?

A

AVP regulates renal water reabsorption to maintain osmolality.

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6
Q

What is the osmolality threshold for AVP release?

A

285 mOsm/kg.

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7
Q

Name two major disorders of water balance.

A

Diabetes insipidus and SIAD (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis).

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8
Q

What is the effect of AVP on the renal collecting duct?

A

Increases water permeability, facilitating water reabsorption.

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9
Q

What is the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

Maintains intracellular and extracellular ion gradients.

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10
Q

What are the primary causes of hypovolemia?

A

Renal or nonrenal fluid losses such as diarrhea, vomiting, or burns.

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11
Q

How is hypovolemia diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs like orthostatic hypotension and lab tests (urine Na+).

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12
Q

What is the treatment for severe hypovolemia?

A

Intravenous isotonic saline or plasma expanders.

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13
Q

What is the plasma Na+ threshold for hypernatremia?

A

Plasma Na+ >145 mM.

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14
Q

What are common causes of renal water loss leading to hypernatremia?

A

Osmotic diuresis (e.g., hyperglycemia, mannitol).

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15
Q

How is hyponatremia defined?

A

Plasma Na+ <135 mM.

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16
Q

What are the clinical features of severe hyponatremia?

A

Cerebral edema, seizures, and confusion.

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17
Q

What is the primary treatment for SIAD-related hyponatremia?

A

Fluid restriction and/or AVP receptor antagonists.

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18
Q

What is the risk of overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia?

A

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS).

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19
Q

What are key causes of euvolemic hyponatremia?

A

SIAD, hypothyroidism, secondary adrenal insufficiency.

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20
Q

What is the urine osmolality cutoff for polydipsia-related hyponatremia?

A

Less than 100 mOsm/kg.

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21
Q

What is the percentage of water in total body weight for women?

A

50% of body weight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two major compartments of body fluids?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What determines fluid movement between intravascular and interstitial spaces?

A

Starling forces: capillary hydraulic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the primary extracellular cation?

A

Sodium (Na+).

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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25
Q

What role does vasopressin (AVP) play in water balance?

A

AVP regulates renal water reabsorption to maintain osmolality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the osmolality threshold for AVP release?

A

285 mOsm/kg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name two major disorders of water balance.

A

Diabetes insipidus and SIAD (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the effect of AVP on the renal collecting duct?

A

Increases water permeability, facilitating water reabsorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

Maintains intracellular and extracellular ion gradients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the primary causes of hypovolemia?

A

Renal or nonrenal fluid losses such as diarrhea, vomiting, or burns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How is hypovolemia diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs like orthostatic hypotension and lab tests (urine Na+).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the treatment for severe hypovolemia?

A

Intravenous isotonic saline or plasma expanders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the plasma Na+ threshold for hypernatremia?

A

Plasma Na+ >145 mM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are common causes of renal water loss leading to hypernatremia?

A

Osmotic diuresis (e.g., hyperglycemia, mannitol).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How is hyponatremia defined?

A

Plasma Na+ <135 mM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the clinical features of severe hyponatremia?

A

Cerebral edema, seizures, and confusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the primary treatment for SIAD-related hyponatremia?

A

Fluid restriction and/or AVP receptor antagonists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the risk of overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia?

A

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are key causes of euvolemic hyponatremia?

A

SIAD, hypothyroidism, secondary adrenal insufficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the urine osmolality cutoff for polydipsia-related hyponatremia?

A

Less than 100 mOsm/kg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the percentage of water in total body weight for women?

A

50% of body weight.

42
Q

What are the two major compartments of body fluids?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).

43
Q

What determines fluid movement between intravascular and interstitial spaces?

A

Starling forces: capillary hydraulic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure.

44
Q

What is the primary extracellular cation?

A

Sodium (Na+).

45
Q

What role does vasopressin (AVP) play in water balance?

A

AVP regulates renal water reabsorption to maintain osmolality.

46
Q

What is the osmolality threshold for AVP release?

A

285 mOsm/kg.

47
Q

Name two major disorders of water balance.

A

Diabetes insipidus and SIAD (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis).

48
Q

What is the effect of AVP on the renal collecting duct?

A

Increases water permeability, facilitating water reabsorption.

49
Q

What is the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

Maintains intracellular and extracellular ion gradients.

50
Q

What are the primary causes of hypovolemia?

A

Renal or nonrenal fluid losses such as diarrhea, vomiting, or burns.

51
Q

How is hypovolemia diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs like orthostatic hypotension and lab tests (urine Na+).

52
Q

What is the treatment for severe hypovolemia?

A

Intravenous isotonic saline or plasma expanders.

53
Q

What is the plasma Na+ threshold for hypernatremia?

A

Plasma Na+ >145 mM.

54
Q

What are common causes of renal water loss leading to hypernatremia?

A

Osmotic diuresis (e.g., hyperglycemia, mannitol).

55
Q

How is hyponatremia defined?

A

Plasma Na+ <135 mM.

56
Q

What are the clinical features of severe hyponatremia?

A

Cerebral edema, seizures, and confusion.

57
Q

What is the primary treatment for SIAD-related hyponatremia?

A

Fluid restriction and/or AVP receptor antagonists.

58
Q

What is the risk of overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia?

A

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS).

59
Q

What are key causes of euvolemic hyponatremia?

A

SIAD, hypothyroidism, secondary adrenal insufficiency.

60
Q

What is the urine osmolality cutoff for polydipsia-related hyponatremia?

A

Less than 100 mOsm/kg.

61
Q

What is the percentage of water in total body weight for women?

A

50% of body weight.

62
Q

What are the two major compartments of body fluids?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).

63
Q

What determines fluid movement between intravascular and interstitial spaces?

A

Starling forces: capillary hydraulic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure.

64
Q

What is the primary extracellular cation?

A

Sodium (Na+).

65
Q

What role does vasopressin (AVP) play in water balance?

A

AVP regulates renal water reabsorption to maintain osmolality.

66
Q

What is the osmolality threshold for AVP release?

A

285 mOsm/kg.

67
Q

Name two major disorders of water balance.

A

Diabetes insipidus and SIAD (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis).

68
Q

What is the effect of AVP on the renal collecting duct?

A

Increases water permeability, facilitating water reabsorption.

69
Q

What is the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

Maintains intracellular and extracellular ion gradients.

70
Q

What are the primary causes of hypovolemia?

A

Renal or nonrenal fluid losses such as diarrhea, vomiting, or burns.

71
Q

How is hypovolemia diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs like orthostatic hypotension and lab tests (urine Na+).

72
Q

What is the treatment for severe hypovolemia?

A

Intravenous isotonic saline or plasma expanders.

73
Q

What is the plasma Na+ threshold for hypernatremia?

A

Plasma Na+ >145 mM.

74
Q

What are common causes of renal water loss leading to hypernatremia?

A

Osmotic diuresis (e.g., hyperglycemia, mannitol).

75
Q

How is hyponatremia defined?

A

Plasma Na+ <135 mM.

76
Q

What are the clinical features of severe hyponatremia?

A

Cerebral edema, seizures, and confusion.

77
Q

What is the primary treatment for SIAD-related hyponatremia?

A

Fluid restriction and/or AVP receptor antagonists.

78
Q

What is the risk of overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia?

A

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS).

79
Q

What are key causes of euvolemic hyponatremia?

A

SIAD, hypothyroidism, secondary adrenal insufficiency.

80
Q

What is the urine osmolality cutoff for polydipsia-related hyponatremia?

A

Less than 100 mOsm/kg.

81
Q

What is the percentage of water in total body weight for women?

A

50% of body weight.

82
Q

What are the two major compartments of body fluids?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).

83
Q

What determines fluid movement between intravascular and interstitial spaces?

A

Starling forces: capillary hydraulic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure.

84
Q

What is the primary extracellular cation?

A

Sodium (Na+).

85
Q

What role does vasopressin (AVP) play in water balance?

A

AVP regulates renal water reabsorption to maintain osmolality.

86
Q

What is the osmolality threshold for AVP release?

A

285 mOsm/kg.

87
Q

Name two major disorders of water balance.

A

Diabetes insipidus and SIAD (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis).

88
Q

What is the effect of AVP on the renal collecting duct?

A

Increases water permeability, facilitating water reabsorption.

89
Q

What is the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

Maintains intracellular and extracellular ion gradients.

90
Q

What are the primary causes of hypovolemia?

A

Renal or nonrenal fluid losses such as diarrhea, vomiting, or burns.

91
Q

How is hypovolemia diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs like orthostatic hypotension and lab tests (urine Na+).

92
Q

What is the treatment for severe hypovolemia?

A

Intravenous isotonic saline or plasma expanders.

93
Q

What is the plasma Na+ threshold for hypernatremia?

A

Plasma Na+ >145 mM.

94
Q

What are common causes of renal water loss leading to hypernatremia?

A

Osmotic diuresis (e.g., hyperglycemia, mannitol).

95
Q

How is hyponatremia defined?

A

Plasma Na+ <135 mM.

96
Q

What are the clinical features of severe hyponatremia?

A

Cerebral edema, seizures, and confusion.

97
Q

What is the primary treatment for SIAD-related hyponatremia?

A

Fluid restriction and/or AVP receptor antagonists.

98
Q

What is the risk of overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia?

A

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS).

99
Q

What are key causes of euvolemic hyponatremia?

A

SIAD, hypothyroidism, secondary adrenal insufficiency.

100
Q

What is the urine osmolality cutoff for polydipsia-related hyponatremia?

A

Less than 100 mOsm/kg.

MP - Nephro (3 decks)

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