Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Sport - Biomechanics > Fluid Mechanics and Projectile Motion > Flashcards

Fluid Mechanics and Projectile Motion Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of air resistance

A

The force that opposes the direction of motion of a body through the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definition of drag

A

The force the opposes the direction of motion of a body through the water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What athletes does air resistance act on?

A

Cyclists, sprinters, skiers, objects such as javelin or discus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What athletes does drag act on?

A

Swimmers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is fluid mechanics?

A

The study of forces acting on a body while travelling through the air of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Definition of streamlining

A

The creation of a smooth air flow around a aerodynamic shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do air resistance and drag act?

A

In the opposite direction of motion, so need to be minimised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Definition of aerofoil

A

A streamlined shape with a curved upper surface and flat lower surface designed to give an addition lift force to a body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting the magnitude of air resistance and drag?

A

Velocity, Front cross-sectional area, streamlining and shape, surface characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does velocity affect the magnitude of air resistance and drag?

A

The higher the velocity, the greater the air resistance or drag. As velocity is part of the sports, other factors need to be considered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What athletes are affected by air resistance and drag due to their velocity?

A

Skiing, cycling, swimming, speed skating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does front cross-sectional area affect the magnitude of air resistance and drag?

A

The greater the front-cross sectional area, the larger the air resistance and drag,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What athletes are affected by air resistance and drag due to their front cross-sectional area?

A

Cycling, skiing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does streamlining and shape affect the magnitude of air resistance and drag?

A

The more streamlined or aerodynamic the shape of a body in motion, the lower the air resistance and drag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What sports using streamlining and shape to reduce there air resistance and drag?

A

Track cyclists, downhill skiers and speed skaters helmets use a tear-drop or aerofoil shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does surface characteristics affect the magnitude of air resistance and drag?

A

The smoother the surface, the lower the air resistance and drag. Specially engineered clothing creates a smooth surface and reduces friction between the body and the fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do downhill skiing athletes minimise their air resistance and drag?

A

-minimise their front cross-sectional area by adopting a low crouched position in the straights and jump sections
-wear tear-drop shaped helmets, and have fins on their gloves and around their their boots to create a streamlined shape, easing the airflow over their body
-wear super silky Lycra suits to create a smooth surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do track cyclists minimise their air resistance and drag?

A

-lightweight carbon fibre bicycle design with aerodynamic features such as disc wheels and aerodynamic forks to reduce energy expenditure and minimise air resistance
-aerodynamic rising positions with shoulders forwards, a high seat position to tilt body forwards and narrow handle bars to bring in hands and elbows to sure a small front cross-sectional area
-aerodynamic helmets with a glossy surface and specialist shape to streamline airflow
-tight-Lycra fitting suits and smooth socks pulled over shoes
-shaved legs, face and hands to maximise a smooth surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Definition of projectile motion

A

Movement of a body through the air following a curved flight path under the force of gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Definition of projectile

A

A body that is launched into the air loosing contact with the ground surface, such as a discus or longer jumper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an example of a projectile?

A

Discus, long jumper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Definition of parabola

A

A uniform curve symmetrical about its highest point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Definition of parabolic flight path

A

A flight path symmetrical about its highest point caused by weight being the dominant force affecting the projectile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Definition of non-parabolic path
A flight path asymmetrical about its highest point caused by air resistance being the dominant force on its projectile
26
Definition of free body diagram
A clearly labelled sketch showing all of the forces acting on a body at a particular instant in time
27
Definition of parallelogram of forces
A parallelogram illustrating the theory that the diagonal draw from the point where the forces are represented in size and direction shows the resultant force acting
28
Definition of resultant force
The sum of all the forces acting on a body or the net force acting on a projectile
29
What do the start and finish of a flight path show?
The distance the projectile has travelled after gravity has accelerated it back down to earth
30
How is the flight path of a projectile shown?
By a simple graph of height against horizontal distance travelled
31
What does a graph of a flight path show?
-The shape of the flight path, the distance travelled -Give an indication of the factors that have affected the flight path
32
What are the 4 factors affecting the horizontal distance travelled by a projectile?
-Speed of release -Height of release -Angle of release -Aerodynamic factors (Bernoulli and Magnus)
33
How does speed of release affect the horizontal distance travelled?
Due to Newtons 2nd law of acceleration, the greater the force applied to the projectile, the greater the change in momentum and therefore acceleration of the projectile into the air. The greater the speed of the projectile, the greater the distance it will travel
34
How does angle of release affect the horizontal distance travelled?
90° - the projectile will accelerate vertically upwards and come straight back down, travelling 0m 45° - optimal angle to maximise horizontal distance Greater than 45° - the projectile reaches peak height too soon, and rapidly returns to the ground Less than 45° - the projectile does not achieve enough height to maximise flight time
35
How does height of release affect the horizontal distance travelled?
-If the release height and the landing height and the same, the angle of 45° is the optimum -If the release height is higher (positive) a release angle of less than 45° is best (eg. A thrower) -If the release height is lower (negative) a release angle of more than 45° is best (eg. Golf bunker shot)
36
What would happen if a projectile was unaffected by forces?
It would be a symmetrical shape around its highest point (parabola)
37
In flight what are flight projectiles affected by?
Weight and air resistance
38
What happens to a parabolic flight paths if weight is dominant and air resistance is small?
Parabolic flight path occurs, the flight path has a parabolic shape symmetrical around its highest point
39
What is the parabolic flight of a shot put compared with a badminton or discus
40
Draw the parabolic flight path of a shot put and explain why?
-Parabolic flight path, symmetrical about its heights point -Shot put has a very high mass and travels through the air at a low velocity, with a small frontal-cross sectional area and a smooth surface, so air resistance is minimal
41
What happens to a parabolic flight paths if air resistance is dominant and weight is small?
Non-parabolic flight path, asymmetrical
42
Draw the parabolic flight path of a badminton shuttle and explain why?
-Non parabolic flight path, asymmetrical -A shuttle travels at a high velocity, but has a low mass and uneven surfaces so air resistance is heigh
43
What is the relationship between air resistance and parabolic flight path?
The greater the air resistance, the greater the deviance from the parabolic curve
44
What are the three phases of motion within a flight path?
Start of flight Mid flight End of flight
45
Over the three phase of a flight path what changes?
-Weigh force does not change -Air resistance increase/decreases with velocity -Air resistance will be greater at the state of flight after release as it is travelling at the highest velocity
46
What is the free body diagram for a shuttle in the start, middle and end of flight stages and explain it?
Start - Air resistance is greater than weight, as the velocity of the shuttle is high as it leaves the racket Mid - The size of the air resistance has decreased as the verity of the shuttle has decreased. The size of AR causes the shuttle to decrease End - The air resistance is now small as the velocity has decrease. The weight force has remained the same throughout and is now larger than air resistance, causing the shuttle to fall vertically, resulting in a non-parabolic flight path
47
How does weight act on a free body diagram?
Downwards from the centre of mass
48
How does air resistance act on a free body diagram?
Opposite to the direction of motion, originating from the centre of mass
49
What’s should you always include on a free body diagram?
Direction of motion
50
What does a parallelogram of forces show?
The resultant force acting on a projectile
51
How is a resultant force shown?
1. By drawing a free body diagram showing weight and resistance 2. Then adding dotted lines to the weight and air resistance arrows to create a parallelogram 3. Drawing a diagonal line from the origin of weight and air resistance (centre of mass) to the opposite corner of the parallelogram
52
How does the result force indicate a flight path?
-If the resultant force is closer to the weight allow, the force of weight is dominant and therefore flight path with be parabolic in nature Eg. Shot put -If resultant force is closer to the air resistance arrow, the force of air resistance is dominant, the flight path will be non-parabolic Eg. Shuttle
53
Show are parallelogram of forces for a shuttle and explain it
-Air resistance is domaint, as result force is closer to air resistance, non-parabolic flight path
54
Show are parallelogram of forces for a shot put and explain it
-Weight is domaint, as result force is closer to the weight, parabolic flight path
55
Definition of Bernoulli principle
Creation of additional lift force on a projectile in flight resulting from the Bernoullis conclusion that the higher the velocity of air flow the lower the surrounding pressure
56
Definition of lift force
An additional force created by a pressure gradient forming on opposing surfaces of an aerofoil moving through a fluid
57
Definition of angle of attack
The most favourable angle of release for a projectile to optimise lift force due to the Bernoulli principle
58
What is the theory of the Bernoulli principle?
Theory behind how lift can be generated based on the shape of a projectile
59
What is the overall affect of lift?
To increase the time the projectile is in the air, extending the flight path and horizontal distance covered
60
In which sports is the Bernoulli principle used?
Discus, javelin, ski jumping
61
What is the shape of an aerofoil?
Upper surface that is curved, lower surface that is flat
62
What is the relationship between pressure and velocity?
Disproportional relationship, as velocity increases, pressure decreases
63
What is the difference in pressure of an aerofoil?
-Above the curved upper surface, lower-pressure zone is created -Below the flat underneath surface, high-pressure zone created
64
Why is a pressure gradient created above and below an aerofoil?
-The curved upper surface forces air flow to travel a further distance, therefore move at a higher velocity, pressure is low -The flat underneath surface allows air to flow a shorter distance and therefore at a low velocity, so pressure is high
65
How is pressure gradient set up in Bernoulli principle?
As fluids move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
66
How does a ski jumper create lift?
Adopt aerofoil shape with flat skis forming a flat underneath surface and head and back forming the curved upper surface
67
What should be remembered when creating an air flow diagram?
-Air flow opposes direction of motion -Label the velocity and pressure above and below the projectile -Show the lift force acting upwards from the centre of mass
68
Draw an air flow diagram of a discus in flight
69
When does Bernoulli’s lift force work downwards?
If the aerofoil shape is inverted
70
What diagrams can be drawn to demonstrate effect of Bernoullis principle?
-Free body diagrams showing lift force, air resistance, weight -Resultant force sum of all forces using a parallelogram -Flight path diagram, show effect of horizontal distance
71
When is downwards lift force used in sport?
Formula 1 and track cycling to hold them to the crack at high speeds around corners
72
How is downwards lift force created in Formula 1?
The front wing funnels air down through a narrow space and under the car, spoiler bar acts as inverted aerofoil, forcing air underneath to travel a further distance, this increases velocity below the spoiler bar and creates low pressure. A pressure gradient is set up and downwards lift force created. This increases friction and grip around corners
73

Sport - Biomechanics (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions