Fluid Imbalances - Checked and Complete

Question 1

What is a typical intake amount of water?

Answer 1

2.5 L

.3 L from oxidation

1 L from food

1.2 L as water

Question 2

What is usually the foremost danger of electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 2

Hypokalemia

Seen as weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, potentially heart problems

Question 3

About what percent of our bodies are water?

Answer 3

Males = 60%

Females = 50%

Based on percentage of Lean Body Mass (no fat included in measurement)

Question 4

What is the normal ration of ECF to ICF

Answer 4

ECF = 40%

ICF = 60%

Question 5

How can you figure out the volumes of water in different compartments

Answer 5

Concentration = Quantity/Volume

Administer quantity of tracer, record the concentration, now you know the volume

Question 6

Why is plasma sodium concentration a good indicator of body fluid osmolarity?

Answer 6

Sodium contributes the most to plasma osmolarity

Question 7

Demonstrate how to estimate body fluid osmolarity

Answer 7

1) 2 × [Na+] = 90%

2 is to multiply for associated anion concentration

2) Add 10mOsm/L

2 × [Na] + 10 mOsm/L

Question 8

Demonstrate how to estimate body fluid osmolarity when glucose is abnormally high

Answer 8

10 × ([glucose_p] – [normal glucose]_p) / 180

Question 9

Demonstrate how to estimate the total effective osmolar concentration of plasma in mOsm/L

Answer 9

2 × [Na] + 10 + 10 × ([glucose_p] – [normal glucose_p]) / 180

Question 10

What are consequences of a low ICF (relatively normal ECF)?

Answer 10

restlessness, irritability, ataxia, spasms, seizures, death (via respiratory failure)

Question 11

What are symptoms of water excess?

Answer 11

confusion, disorientation, twitching, seizures, coma, death

Question 12

What do clinical results of water excess/deficit indicate about a patient’s physiology?

Answer 12

Indicates a change to brain neuron fluid/electrolyte balance

Rapid increase/decrease of cranial ICF can compress the brains blood flow or tear blood vessels

Mostly dangerous when change is rapid.

Question 13

How does mannitol help relieve intracranial pressure after a head injury?

Answer 13

Sets up an osmotic gradient at the blood/brain barrier and draws water out of neurons to decrease intracranial pressure.

Question 14

How is ICF volume calculated

Answer 14

TBW - ECF

Question 15

How is an isotonic excess manifest?

Answer 15

Edema in appendages and in lungs

Difficulty breathing because of edema

Probably hypertension

Question 16

How is an isotonic deficit manifest?

Answer 16

** reduced tissue perfusion**

If happened quickly, then will see increased hematocrit and protein conentration in plasma

Question 17

How is a hypotonic excess manifest?

Answer 17

Expansion of all fluid compartments, hyponatremia, hypokalemia

Neurological problems because of CNS cellular compartment expansion (compression of cranial arteries)

Question 18

How is a hypotonic deficit manifest?

Answer 18

Neurological problems because of cranial cell shrinkage, ripping blood vessels between meninges and brain

Question 19

How does the ISF compare compositionally with the ECF/ICF?

Answer 19

ISF identical to ECF (differences do exist due to extra protein in the plasma but effect is minor; best to compare plasma water; not plasma itself)

Different than ICF

Question 20

What is the difference between meq/L and mOsm/L?

Answer 20

meq measures charge equivalents, not number of particles

meq can be different with mOsm the same

Question 21

How do you calculate the TRUE concentration of a plasma solute?

Answer 21

Concentration of solute/PLASMA WATER