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FUND FINAL > Fluid & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Infusion therapy

A

fluid and electrolyte replacement

medication administration

blood product administration

and nutritional support

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2
Q

intracellular fluid

A

ICF 70%

is within cells and accounts for majority of the total body weight

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

ECF 30%

Outside cells

interstitial fluid and plasma

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4
Q

Rapid changes of fluid compartments

A

risk highest for infants & elderly

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5
Q

Healthy person body water

A

total body water is 50% to 60% of body weight

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6
Q

infants compared to adults

A

More body fluid and extracellular fluid than an adult so they are more susceptible to fluid volume deficits

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7
Q

Things that affect body water

A

gender and amount of fat cells

women and obese people have less body water

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8
Q

Sodium (Na+)

A

Controls and regulates volume of body fluids

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9
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

chief regulator of cellular enzyme activity and water content

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10
Q

Calcium (Ca++)

A

b12 absorption, nerve impulse, blood clotting, and muscle contraction

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11
Q

Magnesium (Mg++)

A

Metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, vital actions involving enzymes

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12
Q

Chloride (Cl-)

A

maintains osmotic pressure in blood, produces hydrochloric acid

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13
Q

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

A

body’s primary buffer system

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14
Q

Phosphate (HPO4-)

A

involved in important chemical reactions in the body, cell division, and hereditary traits

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15
Q

Hyponatremia

A

a sodium deficit in ECF (<135mEq) caused by a loss of sodium or a gain of water

sodium may be lost through vomitting, diarrhea, fistulas, swearing, or as the results of the use of diuretics

the decrease in sodium causes fluid to move by osmosis from the less concentrated ECF compartment to the ICF space (swelling, confusion, hypotension, edema, muscle cramps and weakness and dry skin)

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16
Q

Severe hyponatremia

A

manifested by signs of increasing intracranial pressure (lethargy, muscle twitching, focal weakness, seizures and death may occur)

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17
Q

Hypernatremia

A

surplus of sodium in ECF (sodium >145) caused by excess water loss or an overall excess of sodium

fluid deprivation, lack of fluid consumption, diarrhea, and excess of insensible water loss (hyperventilation, burns) leads to excess sodium

fluids move from the cells because of the increased extracellular osmotic pressure, causing them to shrink and leaving them without sufficient fluid

results in neurologic impairment such as restlessness, weakness, disorientation, delusion, and hallucinations

permanent brain damage, especially in children can occur

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18
Q

Hypokalemia

A

refers to a potassium deficit in ECF (<3.5mEq) and is common electrolyte abnormality

potassium may be lost through vomiting, gastric suction, alkalosis, or diarrhea, or as the result of the use of diuretic

when the extracellular potassium level falls, potassium moves from the cell, creating an intracellular potassium deficiency and sodium and hydrogen ions are retained by the cells to maintain isotonic fluids.

Muscle weakness and leg cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, and dysrhythmias

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19
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

refers to an excess of potassium in ECF (serum potassium >5mEq/L)

excess potassium may result from renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, or the use of certain medications

less frequent than hypokalemia, but is more dangerous

nerve conduction as well as muscle contractility can be affected

skeletal muscle weakness and paralysis may occur and cardiac irregularities

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20
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

calcium deficit in ECF (serum calcium < 8.9mg/dl, ionized calcium <4.5mg/dL)

common causes involve inadequate calcium intake, impaired calcium absorption, and excessive calcium loss

numbness and tingling of fingers, mouth, or feet. Tetany, muscle cramps and seizures come about.

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21
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

refers to an excess of calcium in ECF

two major causes are cancer and hyperparathyroidism

nausea, vomitting, constiation, bone pain, excessive urination, thirst, confusion, lethargy, and slurred speech

severe hypercalcemia can lead to cardiac arrest

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22
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

magnesium is the most abundant intracellular cation after potassium

magnesium loss may occur with nasogastric suction, diarrhea, withdrawal from alcohol, administration of tube feedings or parental nutrition, sepsis or burns

leads to muscle weakness, tremors, tetany, seizures, heart block, change in mental status, hyperactive DTRs, and respiratory paralysis

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23
Q

HYpermagnesemia

A

refers to magnesium excess in the ECF

usually occurs with renal failure when the kidneys fail to excrete magnesium or from excessive magnesium intake

includes nausea, vomitting, weakness, flushing, lethargy, loss of DTRs, respiratory depression, coma, and cardiac arrest

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24
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

refers to a below normal concentration of phosphorus in the ECF

can result from administration of calories to malnourished patients, alcohol withdrawal, diabetic keto acidosis, hyperventilation, insulin release, absorption problems, and diuretic use

irritability, fatigue, weakness, paresthesias, confusion, seizures, and coma

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25
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

refers to above-normal concentrations of phosphorus in the ECF

common causes are impaired kidney exertion and hypoparathyroidism

can result in tetany, anorexia, nausea, muscle weakness, and tachycardia

26
Q

Hypochloremia

A

refers to below normal level of chloride in the ECF

can result from severe vomitting and diarrhea, draining of gastric fluid, metabolic alkalosis, diuretic therapy, and burns

hyper excitability of muscles, tetany, hyperactive DTRs, weakness, and muscle cramps

27
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

above normal level of chloride in the ECF

can result from metabolic acidosis, head trauma, increased perspiration, excess adrenocortical hormone production, and decreased glomerular filtration

signs and symptoms include tachypnea, weakness, lethargy, diminished cognitive ability, hypertension, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, and coma

28
Q

Osmosis

A

major method of transporting body fluids through cell membranes

water moves from an area of lesser solute concentration to greater solute concentration

29
Q

Diffusion

A

is the tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent

solute moves from high to low

oxygen and carbon dioxide also move by diffusion

30
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy for movement for substances through the cell membrane from the less solute concentration to the higher solute concentration

31
Q

filtration

A

passage of fluid through a permeable membrane from the area of higher to low pressure

32
Q

Osmotic Movement of fluids

A

cells affected by osmolality of fluid surrounding it

33
Q

Osmolality

A

concentration of particles is a solution –puling power

34
Q

Osmolality of a solution

A

Isotonic hypertonic hypotonic

35
Q

Isotonic

A

same concentration fo particles as plasma

36
Q

hypertonic

A

greater concentration of particles than plasma

37
Q

Hypotonic

A

lesser concentration of particles than plasma

38
Q

Source of fluids for the body

A

ingested liquids, food, and metabolism

39
Q

Fluid losses

A

Kidneys: urine

intestinal tract: feces

skin: perspiration

insensible water loss

40
Q

Kidneys and homeostasis

A

Kidneys normally filter 170 L of plasma and excrete 1.5 L of urine

41
Q

Cardiovascular system homeostasis

A

pumps and carries nutrients and water in the body

42
Q

Lungs homeostasis

A

regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of the blood

43
Q

Adrenal glands homeostasis

A

helps the body conserve sodium, save chloride and water, and excrete potassium

44
Q

Pituitary gland homeostasis

A

stores and releases ADH

45
Q

Thyroid gland homeostasis

A

increases the blood flow in the body and increases renal circulation

46
Q

Nervous system homeostasis

A

inhibits and stimulates mechanisms influencing fluid balance

47
Q

Parathyroid homeostasis

A

regulate the level of calcium in ECF

48
Q

GI tract homeostasis

A

absorbs water and nutrients that enter the body through this route

49
Q

Hypovolemia

A

deficiency in amount of water and electrolytes in ECF with near-normal water/electrolyte proportions

50
Q

Dehydration

A

decreased volume of water and electrolyte change

51
Q

Third-space fluid shift

A

distributional shift of body fluids into potential body spaces

52
Q

Fluid imbalances

A

hypovolemia, dehydration, and third-space fluid shift

53
Q

Fluid Volume Excess

A

Hypervolemia, over hydration, edema, and interstitial to plasma shift

54
Q

Hypervolemia

A

excess retention of water and sodium in ECF

55
Q

Over hydration

A

above normal amounts of water in extracellular spaces

56
Q

Edema

A

excessive ECF accumulates in tissue spaces

57
Q

Interstitial to plasma shift

A

movement of fluid from space surrounding to blood

58
Q

Isotonic IV solutions

A

ECF (circulating body volume) doesn’t enter cells

contain multiple electrolytes in roughly the same concentration as plasma

used as volume replacement in hypovolemic situations, such as dehydration, burns, severe vomitting or diarrhea, dKA

59
Q

Hypotonic iv solutions

A

water moves into cells by osmosis and water goes from less to more

provide Na+, CL-, and free water

helps kidneys eliminate solutes and dilutes plasma

used to treat hypernatremia

60
Q

Hypertonic

A

water goes from cells to ECF

more notes

FUND FINAL (2 decks)

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