Fluid/Electrolyte imbalances Flashcards
Causes for hypokalemia
- increased insulin release
- dialysis
- skin/rengal/GI losses
- stress
- stavation
kypokalemia lab value
<3.5
hyperkalemia lab value
> 5.0
causes of hyperkalemia
- kidney failure
- increased intake
- drugs
- exercise
- adrenal insufficiency
s/s of hypokalemia
- soft, flabby muscles
- constipation, nausea, ilieus
- weak pulse
- shallow respirations
- hyperglycemia
- ECG changes (flat T wave)
hyperkalemia s/s
-irritability
-loss of muscle tone (paralysis)
-abdominal cramping, diarrhea, vomiting
-confusion
-tetany
ECG changes (tall t wave)
s/s of both hyper and hypokalemia
- fatigue
- muscle weakness,cramps
- parastesia, decreased reflexes
- irregular pulse
- ECG changes
hypocalcemia lab value
<8.5
hypercalcemia lab values
> 10.2
s/s of hyopcalcemia
- depression, irritability, confusion
- hyperreflexia, muscle cramps
- decreased BP
- numbness in extremities and mouth
- Chvostek’s and trousseau’s
- laryngeal and bronchial spasms
- tetany
causes of hypocalcemia
- pancreatitis
- hypopara
- hypoalbuminemia
- metabolic alkalosis
s/s of hypercalcemia
- lethargy
- deccreased memory/reflexes
- increased BP
- psychosis
- anorexia, n/v
- polyuria, dehydration
- bone fractures
- nephrolithasis
- coma
s/s of both hypo and hypercal
- weakness, fatigue
- confusion
- seizures
- ECG changes (ventricular)
hypophosphatemia lab value
<2.4
hyperphosphatemia lab value
> 4.4
s/s of hypophosphatemia
- CNS depression
- muscle weakness (also respiratory)
- polyneuropathy
- cardiac problems (HF, dys)
- osteomalacia, rickets
- rhabdomyolysis
s/s/ of both hypo and hyperphosphatemia
seizures
s/s of hyperphosphatemia
- hypocalcemia
- numbness and tingling in extremities and mouth
- hyperreflexia, muscle cramps
- tetany
- calcium-phosphate precipitates in skin and soft tissues
hypomagnesemia lab value
<1.5
hypermagnesemia lab value
> 2.5
s/s of hypomagnesemia
- confusion
- muscle cramps
- tremmors, seizures
- vertigo
- hyperactive deep tendon
- Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s
- increased pulse and BP
- vfib, torsades
s/s of hypermagnesemia
- lethargy, drowsiness
- muscle weakness
- urinary retention
- n/v
- flushed, warm skin
- decreased pulse and BP
- severe: cardiac arrest
causes of hypermagnesemia
- renal failure
- DKA
- addison’s disease
- hyperparathyroidism
- hypothyroidism
causes of hypomagnesemia
- diuretics
- increased Ca intake
- alcoholism
- lax
- SIADH
causes of hypophosphatemia
- antacids
- malnutrition-burn pts
- salicylate poisoning
- DKA
- hyperparathyroidism
causes hyperphosphatemia
- use of lax
- renal impairment
- hypoparathy
- tumor lysis
- muscle necrosis
s/s of hypermagnesemia
- <1.5
- confusion
- muscle cramps
- tremmors, seizures
- vertigo
- hyperactive DTR
- Chvosteck’s and Trousseau’s
- increased pulse and BP
- Torsades, Vfib (dysrhyths)
s/s of both hyper and hypomagnesemia
none
s/s of hypermagnesemia
>2.5 -lethargy, drowsiness -muscle weakness -urinary retention -nausea, vomiting -diminished DTR -flushed, warm skin, (facial) -decreased pulse and BP cardiac arrest
