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Med Surg I > Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

Electrolytes

A

substances that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in fluids

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2
Q

Acids

A

substances that release hydrogen into fluid

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3
Q

Bases

A

substances that bind with hydrogen

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4
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

fluid within the cell

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5
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

fluid outside the cell

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6
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

fluid between the cells

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7
Q

Intravascular Fluid

A

the plasma (serum) portion of blood

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8
Q

Insensible Losses

A

losses from sweat and the vapor in exhaled air

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9
Q

Translocation

A

movement back and forth of fluid

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

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11
Q

Semipermeable Membrane

A

one that allows some but not all substances in a solution to pass through from a diluted area to a more concentrated area

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12
Q

Tonicity

A

concentration of substances dissolved in water

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13
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

the power to draw water toward an area of greater concentration

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14
Q

Colloids

A

large sized substances such as serum proteins and blood cells

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15
Q

Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

A

when colloids contribute to fluid concentration and act as a force for attracting water

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16
Q

Flitration

A

promotes the movement of fluid and some dissolved substances through a semipermeable membrane according to pressure differences; it relocates water and chemicals from an area of high pressure to an are of low pressure.

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17
Q

Passive Diffusion

A

a physiological process by which dissolved substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

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18
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

certain dissolves substances require assistance from a carrier molecule to pass through a semipermeable membrane

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19
Q

Active Transport

A

requires ATP to drive dissolved chemicals from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration—the opposite of passive diffusion

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20
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

specialized neurons that sense the serum osmolality

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21
Q

Serum Osmolality

A

concentration of substances in blood

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22
Q

Baroreceptors

A

stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that signal the brain to release ADH when blood volume decreases by 10%, systolic bp falls below 90, or the right atrium is under filled.

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23
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

A

chain of chemicals released to increase both bp and blood volume

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24
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

ring of pressure sensing cells that surrounds the arterioles leading to each glomerulus in the kidneys

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25
Q

Natriuretic Peptides

A

hormone like substances that act in opposition to the renin-angiotensin-aldolterone system

26
Q

Fluid Imbalance

A

general term describing any of the several conditions in which the body’s water is not in the proper volume or location.

27
Q

Hypovolemia

A

(fluid volume deficit) low volume of extracellular fluid

28
Q

Dehydration

A

results when the volume of body fluid is significantly reduced in both extracellular and intracellular compartments

29
Q

Hemoconcentration

A

high ratio of blood components in relation to watery plasma, increases the potential for blood clots and urinary stones and compromises the kidney’s ability to excrete nitrogen wastes.

30
Q

Hypervolemia

A

fluid volume excess; means there is a high volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment

31
Q

Circulatory Overload

A

fluid volume that exceeds what is normal for the intravascular space and can potentially compromise cardiopulmonary function

32
Q

Pitting Edema

A

indentations in the skin after compression

33
Q

Dependent Edema

A

edema in the body areas mostly affected by gravity such as the feet, ankles, sacrum, or buttocks

34
Q

Hemodilution

A

a reduced ratio of blood components to watery plasma

35
Q

Third-Spacing

A

translocation of fluid from the intravascular or intercellular space to tissue compartments where it becomes trapped and useless

36
Q

Hypoalbuminemia

A

low level of albumin in the blood

37
Q

Ions

A

positively and negatively charged particles

38
Q

Cation

A

positively charged electrolyte

39
Q

Hyponatremia

A

lower than normal serum sodium level

40
Q

Hypernatremia

A

higher than normal serum sodium level

41
Q

Hypokalemia

A

a deficit of potassium in the blood

42
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

an excess of potassium in the blood

43
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

lower than normal serum calcium level

44
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

higher than normal serum calcium level

45
Q

Chvostek’s Sign

A

spasms of the facial muscles when the facial nerve is tapped

46
Q

Trousseau’s Sign

A

carpopedal spasms

47
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

lower than normal serum magnesium level

48
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

higher than normal serum magnesium level

49
Q

Compensation

A

when regulatory processes are accelerated because of an imbalance in acids or bases

50
Q

Acidosis

A

excessive accumulation of acids or excessive loss of bicarbonate in body fluids

51
Q

Alkalosis

A

excessive accumulation of bases or loss of acid in body fluids

52
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

condition that results in decreased plasma pH because of increased organic acids or decreased bicarbonate

53
Q

Anion Gap

A

the difference between sodium and potassium cation concentrations and the sum of chloride and bicarbonate anions in the extracellular fluid

54
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ion

55
Q

Uncompensated State

A

decreased pH

56
Q

Partially Compensated State

A

state until pH returns to normal

57
Q

Fully Compensated State

A

when pH returns to normal

58
Q

How does the body maintains the normal plasma pH?

A

chemical regulation and organ regulation

59
Q

Cyanosis

A

dusky appearance to the skin

60
Q

Tachypnea

A

rapid breathing

61
Q

Hypoxemia

A

low oxygen in the blood

Med Surg I (3 decks)

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