Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances Flashcards
Electrolytes
substances that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in fluids
Acids
substances that release hydrogen into fluid
Bases
substances that bind with hydrogen
Intracellular Fluid
fluid within the cell
Extracellular Fluid
fluid outside the cell
Interstitial Fluid
fluid between the cells
Intravascular Fluid
the plasma (serum) portion of blood
Insensible Losses
losses from sweat and the vapor in exhaled air
Translocation
movement back and forth of fluid
Osmosis
movement of water through a semipermeable membrane
Semipermeable Membrane
one that allows some but not all substances in a solution to pass through from a diluted area to a more concentrated area
Tonicity
concentration of substances dissolved in water
Osmotic Pressure
the power to draw water toward an area of greater concentration
Colloids
large sized substances such as serum proteins and blood cells
Colloidal Osmotic Pressure
when colloids contribute to fluid concentration and act as a force for attracting water
Flitration
promotes the movement of fluid and some dissolved substances through a semipermeable membrane according to pressure differences; it relocates water and chemicals from an area of high pressure to an are of low pressure.
Passive Diffusion
a physiological process by which dissolved substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
certain dissolves substances require assistance from a carrier molecule to pass through a semipermeable membrane
Active Transport
requires ATP to drive dissolved chemicals from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration—the opposite of passive diffusion
Osmoreceptors
specialized neurons that sense the serum osmolality
Serum Osmolality
concentration of substances in blood
Baroreceptors
stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that signal the brain to release ADH when blood volume decreases by 10%, systolic bp falls below 90, or the right atrium is under filled.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
chain of chemicals released to increase both bp and blood volume
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
ring of pressure sensing cells that surrounds the arterioles leading to each glomerulus in the kidneys
Natriuretic Peptides
hormone like substances that act in opposition to the renin-angiotensin-aldolterone system
Fluid Imbalance
general term describing any of the several conditions in which the body’s water is not in the proper volume or location.
Hypovolemia
(fluid volume deficit) low volume of extracellular fluid
Dehydration
results when the volume of body fluid is significantly reduced in both extracellular and intracellular compartments
Hemoconcentration
high ratio of blood components in relation to watery plasma, increases the potential for blood clots and urinary stones and compromises the kidney’s ability to excrete nitrogen wastes.
Hypervolemia
fluid volume excess; means there is a high volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment
Circulatory Overload
fluid volume that exceeds what is normal for the intravascular space and can potentially compromise cardiopulmonary function
Pitting Edema
indentations in the skin after compression
Dependent Edema
edema in the body areas mostly affected by gravity such as the feet, ankles, sacrum, or buttocks
Hemodilution
a reduced ratio of blood components to watery plasma
Third-Spacing
translocation of fluid from the intravascular or intercellular space to tissue compartments where it becomes trapped and useless
Hypoalbuminemia
low level of albumin in the blood
Ions
positively and negatively charged particles
Cation
positively charged electrolyte
Hyponatremia
lower than normal serum sodium level
Hypernatremia
higher than normal serum sodium level
Hypokalemia
a deficit of potassium in the blood
Hyperkalemia
an excess of potassium in the blood
Hypocalcemia
lower than normal serum calcium level
Hypercalcemia
higher than normal serum calcium level
Chvostek’s Sign
spasms of the facial muscles when the facial nerve is tapped
Trousseau’s Sign
carpopedal spasms
Hypomagnesemia
lower than normal serum magnesium level
Hypermagnesemia
higher than normal serum magnesium level
Compensation
when regulatory processes are accelerated because of an imbalance in acids or bases
Acidosis
excessive accumulation of acids or excessive loss of bicarbonate in body fluids
Alkalosis
excessive accumulation of bases or loss of acid in body fluids
Metabolic Acidosis
condition that results in decreased plasma pH because of increased organic acids or decreased bicarbonate
Anion Gap
the difference between sodium and potassium cation concentrations and the sum of chloride and bicarbonate anions in the extracellular fluid
Anion
negatively charged ion
Uncompensated State
decreased pH
Partially Compensated State
state until pH returns to normal
Fully Compensated State
when pH returns to normal
How does the body maintains the normal plasma pH?
chemical regulation and organ regulation
Cyanosis
dusky appearance to the skin
Tachypnea
rapid breathing
Hypoxemia
low oxygen in the blood
