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Pathophysiology Test 1 > Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What plays a crucial role in sustaining homeostasis?

A

Fluids
Electrolytes
pH

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2
Q

Body Fluids are a combination of what?

A

Water and Solutes

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3
Q

What does water do for cells?

A

Carries nutrients into cells
Waste products out of cells
Blood cells around the body
Carries Enzymes in digestive secretions

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4
Q

What are the fluid types?

A

Intracellular (ICF) & Extracellular (ECF)

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5
Q

Define ICF (intracellular fluid)

A

Fluid found INSIDE the cells

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6
Q

Define ECF (extracellular fluid)

A

Fluid found OUTSIDE the cell

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7
Q

What two compartments are extracellular fluid divided into?

A

Interstitual & Intracellular

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8
Q

Interstitial definition

A

Between the cells

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9
Q

Intravascular definition

A

Inside the blood vessels

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10
Q

To preserve its stability the body exchanges what between compartments?
- to compensate for conditions that increase or decrease loss

A

Solutes and Water

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11
Q

What does water movement depend on?

A

Hydrostatic (pull) and osmotic (pull) pressures

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12
Q

Define Tonicity

A

Osmotic pressure between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane

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13
Q

What is tonicity influenced by?

A

Solutes that cannot cross the membrane

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14
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Solution that has concentrations of solutes EQUAL to those in the intravascular (in blood vessels) compartment

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15
Q

What kind of shift does Isotonic solutions cause?

A

Doesn’t cause notable shifts in fluid volume.
- moves equally between all compartments

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16
Q

Hypotonic Solution definition

A

LOWER concentration of solutes than the solution in the intravascular compartment

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17
Q

What kind of shift does a Hypotonic solution cause?

A

A shift from intraVASCULAR compartment to intraCELLULAR space

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18
Q

Define Hypertonic Solution

A

HIGHER concentration of solutes than the solution in the intravascular compartment

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19
Q

What shift does a hypertonic solution cause?

A

A shift from intraCELLULAR compartment to intraVASCULAR compartment

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20
Q

How is fluid primarily lost?

A

through urine and feces

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21
Q

What is insensible fluid loss?

A

Immeasurable losses through skin (sweating) and respiratory tract (breathing)

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22
Q

What is the minimum urine output for a 2,000mL fluid input?

A

800mL per day

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23
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Solute concentration

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24
Q

Increased osmolarity (solute concentration) and Decreased fluid volume trigger what?

A

The thirst mechanism in the hypothalamus

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25
Thirst sensation decrease w/ age is called what?
Hypodipsia
26
What is ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) function?
Regulate fluid volume by controlling water losses through urine
27
When does the pituitary release ADH?
Increase in osmolarity & Decrease fluid volume
28
What does ADH promote?
Reabsorption of water into the blood from the renal tubules
29
Why is Aldosterone released?
To conserve more water when necessary
30
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of what, where?
Sodium and water in the Renal tubules
31
Fluid intake should =
Fluid loss
32
Define Edema
Excess fluid in the INTERSTITIAL space
33
What is edema a problem of?
Fluid Distribution
34
Anascara is?
Generalized Edema throughout the body
35
HYPERvolemia =
Fluid volume excess
36
Define HYPERvolemia
Excess fluid in the intravascular compartment
37
What does hypervolemia often result from?
Excessive sodium or water intake/insufficient losses
38
Define water intoxication
Fluid excess in the INTRACELLULAR space
39
What can water intoxication lead to?
Lysis (cell bursting)
40
When does Fluid Deficit occur?
When total body fluids are insufficient to meet the bodies needs (dehydration)
41
Hypovolemia =
Fluid Deficit
42
Define Hypovolemia
Fluid deficit of the INTRAVASCULAR compartment
43
Define Crenation
Cell shrinking
44
When does crenation occur?
When water losses are greater than shifts
45
What does a decrease in fluid volume cause?
Hypotension
46
Define Electrolytes
Minerals w/ electrical charges
47
Where are electrolytes found in the body?
Blood Urine Bodily Fluids
48
What do electrolytes aid in?
Muscle and Neural Activity Acid Base Balance Fluid Balance
49
Most significant Cation
SODIUM
50
Most prevalent electrolyte in the Extracellular fluid =
Sodium
51
What is Sodium’s primary function?
Control serum osmolality and water balance
52
What is sodium regulated by?
Kidneys and Aldosterone produced in the adrenal cortex
53
Kidney Sodium Retention =
Low blood volume High serum osmolality Aldosterone Released
54
Kidneys Release Sodium =
High blood volume Low serum osmolality
55
Increased glomerular filtration =
Increase sodium excretion
56
Decrease Glomerular filtration =
Decreased sodium excretion
57
Normal Serum Sodium levels
135-145 mEq/L
58
RAAS mechanism triggers when?
Times of decreased renal perfusion (blood flow)
59
What is the primary intracellular anion (-)?
Potassium
60
Normal Serum Potassium levels?
3.5-5 mEq/L
61
Potassium’s crucial role:
Acid-Base balance Electrical conduction Metabolism
62
Where is potassium excreted and lost?
Excreted in the kidneys lost through gastrointestinal tract.
63
Where is calcium found?
Bones and teeth
64
Normal serum Calcium levels
4-5 mEq/L
65
Calcium ⬆️ Phosphorus ⬇️
Inverse relationships
66
Hypocalcemia is associated with what signs?
Trousseau and Chvostek
67
Where is calcium absorbed?
GI tract
68
Where is calcium excreted?
Urine and stool
69
Vitamin D aids in?
Calcium absorption
70
Normal serum pH
7.35-7.45
71
Metabolic Acidosis
Deficient (base) bicarbonate Excess (acid) hydrogen H+

Pathophysiology Test 1 (2 decks)

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