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Pathophysiology Test 1 > Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What plays a crucial role in sustaining homeostasis?

A

Fluids
Electrolytes
pH

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2
Q

Body Fluids are a combination of what?

A

Water and Solutes

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3
Q

What does water do for cells?

A

Carries nutrients into cells
Waste products out of cells
Blood cells around the body
Carries Enzymes in digestive secretions

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4
Q

What are the fluid types?

A

Intracellular (ICF) & Extracellular (ECF)

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5
Q

Define ICF (intracellular fluid)

A

Fluid found INSIDE the cells

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6
Q

Define ECF (extracellular fluid)

A

Fluid found OUTSIDE the cell

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7
Q

What two compartments are extracellular fluid divided into?

A

Interstitual & Intracellular

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8
Q

Interstitial definition

A

Between the cells

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9
Q

Intravascular definition

A

Inside the blood vessels

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10
Q

To preserve its stability the body exchanges what between compartments?
- to compensate for conditions that increase or decrease loss

A

Solutes and Water

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11
Q

What does water movement depend on?

A

Hydrostatic (pull) and osmotic (pull) pressures

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12
Q

Define Tonicity

A

Osmotic pressure between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane

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13
Q

What is tonicity influenced by?

A

Solutes that cannot cross the membrane

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14
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Solution that has concentrations of solutes EQUAL to those in the intravascular (in blood vessels) compartment

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15
Q

What kind of shift does Isotonic solutions cause?

A

Doesn’t cause notable shifts in fluid volume.
- moves equally between all compartments

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16
Q

Hypotonic Solution definition

A

LOWER concentration of solutes than the solution in the intravascular compartment

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17
Q

What kind of shift does a Hypotonic solution cause?

A

A shift from intraVASCULAR compartment to intraCELLULAR space

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18
Q

Define Hypertonic Solution

A

HIGHER concentration of solutes than the solution in the intravascular compartment

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19
Q

What shift does a hypertonic solution cause?

A

A shift from intraCELLULAR compartment to intraVASCULAR compartment

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20
Q

How is fluid primarily lost?

A

through urine and feces

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21
Q

What is insensible fluid loss?

A

Immeasurable losses through skin (sweating) and respiratory tract (breathing)

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22
Q

What is the minimum urine output for a 2,000mL fluid input?

A

800mL per day

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23
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Solute concentration

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24
Q

Increased osmolarity (solute concentration) and Decreased fluid volume trigger what?

A

The thirst mechanism in the hypothalamus

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25
Q

Thirst sensation decrease w/ age is called what?

A

Hypodipsia

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26
Q

What is ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) function?

A

Regulate fluid volume by controlling water losses through urine

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27
Q

When does the pituitary release ADH?

A

Increase in osmolarity & Decrease fluid volume

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28
Q

What does ADH promote?

A

Reabsorption of water into the blood from the renal tubules

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29
Q

Why is Aldosterone released?

A

To conserve more water when necessary

30
Q

Aldosterone increases reabsorption of what, where?

A

Sodium and water in the Renal tubules

31
Q

Fluid intake should =

A

Fluid loss

32
Q

Define Edema

A

Excess fluid in the INTERSTITIAL space

33
Q

What is edema a problem of?

A

Fluid Distribution

34
Q

Anascara is?

A

Generalized Edema throughout the body

35
Q

HYPERvolemia =

A

Fluid volume excess

36
Q

Define HYPERvolemia

A

Excess fluid in the intravascular compartment

37
Q

What does hypervolemia often result from?

A

Excessive sodium or water intake/insufficient losses

38
Q

Define water intoxication

A

Fluid excess in the INTRACELLULAR space

39
Q

What can water intoxication lead to?

A

Lysis (cell bursting)

40
Q

When does Fluid Deficit occur?

A

When total body fluids are insufficient to meet the bodies needs (dehydration)

41
Q

Hypovolemia =

A

Fluid Deficit

42
Q

Define Hypovolemia

A

Fluid deficit of the INTRAVASCULAR compartment

43
Q

Define Crenation

A

Cell shrinking

44
Q

When does crenation occur?

A

When water losses are greater than shifts

45
Q

What does a decrease in fluid volume cause?

A

Hypotension

46
Q

Define Electrolytes

A

Minerals w/ electrical charges

47
Q

Where are electrolytes found in the body?

A

Blood

Urine

Bodily Fluids

48
Q

What do electrolytes aid in?

A

Muscle and Neural Activity
Acid Base Balance
Fluid Balance

49
Q

Most significant Cation

A

SODIUM

50
Q

Most prevalent electrolyte in the Extracellular fluid =

A

Sodium

51
Q

What is Sodium’s primary function?

A

Control serum osmolality and water balance

52
Q

What is sodium regulated by?

A

Kidneys and Aldosterone produced in the adrenal cortex

53
Q

Kidney Sodium Retention =

A

Low blood volume
High serum osmolality
Aldosterone Released

54
Q

Kidneys Release Sodium =

A

High blood volume
Low serum osmolality

55
Q

Increased glomerular filtration =

A

Increase sodium excretion

56
Q

Decrease Glomerular filtration =

A

Decreased sodium excretion

57
Q

Normal Serum Sodium levels

A

135-145 mEq/L

58
Q

RAAS mechanism triggers when?

A

Times of decreased renal perfusion (blood flow)

59
Q

What is the primary intracellular anion (-)?

A

Potassium

60
Q

Normal Serum Potassium levels?

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

61
Q

Potassium’s crucial role:

A

Acid-Base balance
Electrical conduction
Metabolism

62
Q

Where is potassium excreted and lost?

A

Excreted in the kidneys lost through gastrointestinal tract.

63
Q

Where is calcium found?

A

Bones and teeth

64
Q

Normal serum Calcium levels

A

4-5 mEq/L

65
Q

Calcium ⬆️ Phosphorus ⬇️

A

Inverse relationships

66
Q

Hypocalcemia is associated with what signs?

A

Trousseau and Chvostek

67
Q

Where is calcium absorbed?

A

GI tract

68
Q

Where is calcium excreted?

A

Urine and stool

69
Q

Vitamin D aids in?

A

Calcium absorption

70
Q

Normal serum pH

A

7.35-7.45

71
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

Deficient (base) bicarbonate

Excess (acid) hydrogen H+

Pathophysiology Test 1 (2 decks)

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