Cellular Function

Question 1

At what level can many diseases be explained?

Answer 1

At the cellular level

Question 2

Why are diseases likely to occur?

Answer 2

Loss of homeostatic control

Question 3

What is the control Center of the cell?

Answer 3

The Nucleus

Question 4

The nucleus’ function is…

Answer 4

Regulate cell growth, metabolism and reproduction

Question 5

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 5

A continuation or extension of the nucleus

Question 6

What are the two types of ER?

Answer 6

Smooth and Rough

Question 7

What type of ER is studded w/ ribosomes and what does not?

Answer 7

Rough ER is studded w/ ribosomes
Smooth ER contains NO ribosomes

Question 8

What is the SERs function?

Answer 8

Produce lipids and hormones
Store and metabolize calcium ions

Question 9

What is RERs function?

Answer 9

Site of synthesis
Transport lysosomal enzymes and proteins

Question 10

What are Ribosomes?

Answer 10

rRNA and protein attached to the RER

Question 11

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 11

Aid in protein production
Form polysomes

Question 12

What does selective permeability allow the cell to do?

Answer 12

Maintain a state of internal balance or homeostasis

Question 13

Define Enzymes

Answer 13

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in cells

Question 14

Define glucose

Answer 14

Sugar molecule that provides energy

Question 15

Define Electrolytes

Answer 15

Chemicals that are charged conductors when they are dissolved in water

Question 16

Name the Material Exchange Mechanisms

Answer 16

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

Question 17

A disruption in Material Exchange Mechanisms can cause what?

Answer 17

Disease Development

Question 18

What does diffusion move?

Answer 18

Solutes

Question 19

Diffusion moves solutes from what to what?

Answer 19

High concentration to Low concentration

Question 20

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 20

Movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration w/ a carrier molecule

Question 21

What does Osmosis move?

Answer 21

Water or Solvents

Question 22

Define Osmosis

Answer 22

Passive movement of water or solvents

Question 23

Where does Osmosis move water or Solvents?

Answer 23

From Low SOLUTE concentration to high SOLUTE concentrations

Question 24

What is lysis?

Answer 24

(swell and bursting of cell)
Too much water in the cell membrane

Question 25

What is Crenation?

Answer 25

(Cell shrinks) Too little water in cell membrane

Question 26

What is Active Transport?

Answer 26

Movement of a substance against a concentration gradient

Question 27

What does active transport require?

Answer 27

Carrier molecule and Energy/ATP

Question 28

Define endocytosis?

Answer 28

Process of being a substance into the cell

Question 29

Define phagocytosis

Answer 29

Cell eating (solid particles)

Question 30

Define Pinocytosis

Answer 30

Cell drinking (liquid particles)

Question 31

What is the purpose of Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis?

Answer 31

Consume & destroy bacteria & other foreign material

Question 32

Define Exocytosis

Answer 32

Release of materials from the cell

Question 33

What two main sources do cells obtain energy?

Answer 33

Break down of glucose (carbohydrates) Breakdown of triglycerides (fats)

Question 34

When carbohydrates and fats are not available to produce energy what is the cells next source of energy?

Answer 34

Proteins

Question 35

After food is eaten and broken down what is the next options in energy production?

Answer 35

Either… Stored Converted into larger molecules or Metabolized into ATP

Question 36

What is food broken down into after entering the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 36

Sugars Amino Acids and Fatty Acids

Question 37

When used to make ATP what must molecules be converted into?

Answer 37

Acetyl CoA

Question 38

Define Proliferation

Answer 38

The process by which cells divide and reproduce

Question 39

What regulates proliferation (process of cell division and reproduction)?

Answer 39

Genes and Growth factor proteins

Question 40

What stimulates or suppresses proliferation?

Answer 40

Genes and Growth factor proteins

Question 41

Environmental factors at any stage in life can influence what positively or negatively?

Answer 41

Proliferation

Question 42

Define Differentiation

Answer 42

Cells becoming specialized in terms of type, function, structure, cell cycle.

Question 43

What stimulates differentiation?

Answer 43

Gene expression and growth factor proteins

Question 44

Ectoderm differentiates into…..

Answer 44

THE EPIDERMIS: Hair Nails Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System

Question 45

Mesoderm differentiates into…

Answer 45

Muscles Bone Connective Tissues Kidneys Gonads Circulatory System

Question 46

Endoderm differentiates into…

Answer 46

Gastrointestinal Tract Colon Liver Bladder Lungs

Question 47

Name the 4 basic tissue types

Answer 47

Nervous Muscle Epithelial Connective

Question 48

Nervous Tissue consist of…

Answer 48

Brain Spinal Cord Nerves

Question 49

Muscle Tissue consist of…

Answer 49

Cardiac Smooth Skeletal

Question 50

Epithelial Tissue consist of…

Answer 50

Hollow Organs Gastrointestinal tract Skin (epidermis)

Question 51

Connective Tissue consist of…

Answer 51

Fat Bone Blood Tendons

Question 52

Epithelial Tissue function

Answer 52

Absorption Secretion Excretion Movement of substances

Question 53

Muscle Tissue function

Answer 53

Keeps body upright Helps substances move throughout the body

Question 54

Nervous tissue function

Answer 54

Senses, processes, and responds to external stimuli

Question 55

What does nervous tissue constantly need?

Answer 55

Supply of oxygen and glucose

Question 56

Connective tissue function

Answer 56

Supports and connects other tissues

Question 57

What is a neoplasm also known as?

Answer 57

Tumor

Question 58

Neoplasm definition:

Answer 58

A group of cells whose growth is no longer responding to normal processes. Usually because of mutations.

Question 59

What is the disease state of a Neoplasm?

Answer 59

Cancer

Question 60

Key features of Cancer

Answer 60

Anaplasia: rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of differentiation

Question 61

Define Carcinogenesis

Answer 61

Process which cancer develops under

Question 62

Name the three phases of Carcinogenesis.

Answer 62

Initiation Promotion Progression

Question 63

Define Initiation in terms of Carcinogenesis

Answer 63

Exposure of cell to a substance or event - causes DNA damage or mutation

Question 64

Define Promotion in terms of Carcinogenesis

Answer 64

Exposure to factors that promote growth through epidemic mechanisms

Question 65

Define progression in terms of Carcinogenesis

Answer 65

Tumor invades and metastasizes (spreads) -resistant to drug therapy

Question 66

Less anaplastic (differentiated) cells that reproduce more rapidly than normal are….

Answer 66

Benign Tumors

Question 67

Undifferentiated (more anaplastic), non functioning cells the reproduce rapidly are….

Answer 67

Malignant Tumors - often penetrate surrounding tissues and spreads to secondary sites

Question 68

Define Metastasis

Answer 68

Spreading of tumors

Question 69

Benign Tumors are usually what?

Answer 69

Encapsulated and unable to metastasize

Question 70

Tumor grading is based on….

Answer 70

Based on the degree of differentiation Determines on scale of 1-4