Cellular Function Flashcards
At what level can many diseases be explained?
At the cellular level
Why are diseases likely to occur?
Loss of homeostatic control
What is the control Center of the cell?
The Nucleus
The nucleus’ function is…
Regulate cell growth, metabolism and reproduction
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A continuation or extension of the nucleus
What are the two types of ER?
Smooth and Rough
What type of ER is studded w/ ribosomes and what does not?
Rough ER is studded w/ ribosomes
Smooth ER contains NO ribosomes
What is the SERs function?
Produce lipids and hormones
Store and metabolize calcium ions
What is RERs function?
Site of synthesis
Transport lysosomal enzymes and proteins
What are Ribosomes?
rRNA and protein attached to the RER
What is the function of ribosomes?
Aid in protein production
Form polysomes
What does selective permeability allow the cell to do?
Maintain a state of internal balance or homeostasis
Define Enzymes
Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in cells
Define glucose
Sugar molecule that provides energy
Define Electrolytes
Chemicals that are charged conductors when they are dissolved in water
Name the Material Exchange Mechanisms
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
A disruption in Material Exchange Mechanisms can cause what?
Disease Development
What does diffusion move?
Solutes
Diffusion moves solutes from what to what?
High concentration to Low concentration
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration w/ a carrier molecule
What does Osmosis move?
Water or Solvents
Define Osmosis
Passive movement of water or solvents
Where does Osmosis move water or Solvents?
From Low SOLUTE concentration to high SOLUTE concentrations
What is lysis?
(swell and bursting of cell)
Too much water in the cell membrane
What is Crenation?
(Cell shrinks)
Too little water in cell membrane
What is Active Transport?
Movement of a substance against a concentration gradient
What does active transport require?
Carrier molecule and Energy/ATP
Define endocytosis?
Process of being a substance into the cell
Define phagocytosis
Cell eating (solid particles)
Define Pinocytosis
Cell drinking (liquid particles)
What is the purpose of Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis?
Consume & destroy bacteria & other foreign material
Define Exocytosis
Release of materials from the cell
What two main sources do cells obtain energy?
Break down of glucose (carbohydrates)
Breakdown of triglycerides (fats)
When carbohydrates and fats are not available to produce energy what is the cells next source of energy?
Proteins
After food is eaten and broken down what is the next options in energy production?
Either…
Stored
Converted into larger molecules or
Metabolized into ATP
What is food broken down into after entering the gastrointestinal tract?
Sugars
Amino Acids and
Fatty Acids
When used to make ATP what must molecules be converted into?
Acetyl CoA
Define Proliferation
The process by which cells divide and reproduce
What regulates proliferation (process of cell division and reproduction)?
Genes and Growth factor proteins
What stimulates or suppresses proliferation?
Genes and Growth factor proteins
Environmental factors at any stage in life can influence what positively or negatively?
Proliferation
Define Differentiation
Cells becoming specialized in terms of type, function, structure, cell cycle.
What stimulates differentiation?
Gene expression and growth factor proteins
Ectoderm differentiates into…..
THE EPIDERMIS:
Hair
Nails
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Mesoderm differentiates into…
Muscles
Bone
Connective Tissues
Kidneys
Gonads
Circulatory System
Endoderm differentiates into…
Gastrointestinal Tract
Colon
Liver
Bladder
Lungs
Name the 4 basic tissue types
Nervous
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous Tissue consist of…
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves
Muscle Tissue consist of…
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
Epithelial Tissue consist of…
Hollow Organs
Gastrointestinal tract
Skin (epidermis)
Connective Tissue consist of…
Fat
Bone
Blood
Tendons
Epithelial Tissue function
Absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Movement of substances
Muscle Tissue function
Keeps body upright
Helps substances move throughout the body
Nervous tissue function
Senses, processes, and responds to external stimuli
What does nervous tissue constantly need?
Supply of oxygen and glucose
Connective tissue function
Supports and connects other tissues
What is a neoplasm also known as?
Tumor
Neoplasm definition:
A group of cells whose growth is no longer responding to normal processes. Usually because of mutations.
What is the disease state of a Neoplasm?
Cancer
Key features of Cancer
Anaplasia: rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of differentiation
Define Carcinogenesis
Process which cancer develops under
Name the three phases of Carcinogenesis.
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Define Initiation in terms of Carcinogenesis
Exposure of cell to a substance or event
- causes DNA damage or mutation
Define Promotion in terms of Carcinogenesis
Exposure to factors that promote growth through epidemic mechanisms
Define progression in terms of Carcinogenesis
Tumor invades and metastasizes (spreads)
-resistant to drug therapy
Less anaplastic (differentiated) cells that reproduce more rapidly than normal are….
Benign Tumors
Undifferentiated (more anaplastic), non functioning cells the reproduce rapidly are….
Malignant Tumors
- often penetrate surrounding tissues and spreads to secondary sites
Define Metastasis
Spreading of tumors
Benign Tumors are usually what?
Encapsulated and unable to metastasize
Tumor grading is based on….
Based on the degree of differentiation
Determines on scale of 1-4
