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Pathophysiology Test 1 > Cellular Function > Flashcards

Cellular Function Flashcards

1
Q

At what level can many diseases be explained?

A

At the cellular level

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2
Q

Why are diseases likely to occur?

A

Loss of homeostatic control

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3
Q

What is the control Center of the cell?

A

The Nucleus

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4
Q

The nucleus’ function is…

A

Regulate cell growth, metabolism and reproduction

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5
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

A continuation or extension of the nucleus

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6
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

Smooth and Rough

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7
Q

What type of ER is studded w/ ribosomes and what does not?

A

Rough ER is studded w/ ribosomes
Smooth ER contains NO ribosomes

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8
Q

What is the SERs function?

A

Produce lipids and hormones
Store and metabolize calcium ions

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9
Q

What is RERs function?

A

Site of synthesis
Transport lysosomal enzymes and proteins

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10
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

rRNA and protein attached to the RER

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11
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Aid in protein production
Form polysomes

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12
Q

What does selective permeability allow the cell to do?

A

Maintain a state of internal balance or homeostasis

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13
Q

Define Enzymes

A

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in cells

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14
Q

Define glucose

A

Sugar molecule that provides energy

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15
Q

Define Electrolytes

A

Chemicals that are charged conductors when they are dissolved in water

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16
Q

Name the Material Exchange Mechanisms

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

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17
Q

A disruption in Material Exchange Mechanisms can cause what?

A

Disease Development

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18
Q

What does diffusion move?

A

Solutes

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19
Q

Diffusion moves solutes from what to what?

A

High concentration to Low concentration

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20
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration w/ a carrier molecule

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21
Q

What does Osmosis move?

A

Water or Solvents

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22
Q

Define Osmosis

A

Passive movement of water or solvents

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23
Q

Where does Osmosis move water or Solvents?

A

From Low SOLUTE concentration to high SOLUTE concentrations

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24
Q

What is lysis?

A

(swell and bursting of cell)
Too much water in the cell membrane

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25
Q

What is Crenation?

A

(Cell shrinks)
Too little water in cell membrane

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26
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Movement of a substance against a concentration gradient

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27
Q

What does active transport require?

A

Carrier molecule and Energy/ATP

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28
Q

Define endocytosis?

A

Process of being a substance into the cell

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29
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

Cell eating (solid particles)

30
Q

Define Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking (liquid particles)

31
Q

What is the purpose of Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis?

A

Consume & destroy bacteria & other foreign material

32
Q

Define Exocytosis

A

Release of materials from the cell

33
Q

What two main sources do cells obtain energy?

A

Break down of glucose (carbohydrates)
Breakdown of triglycerides (fats)

34
Q

When carbohydrates and fats are not available to produce energy what is the cells next source of energy?

A

Proteins

35
Q

After food is eaten and broken down what is the next options in energy production?

A

Either…
Stored
Converted into larger molecules or
Metabolized into ATP

36
Q

What is food broken down into after entering the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Sugars
Amino Acids and
Fatty Acids

37
Q

When used to make ATP what must molecules be converted into?

A

Acetyl CoA

38
Q

Define Proliferation

A

The process by which cells divide and reproduce

39
Q

What regulates proliferation (process of cell division and reproduction)?

A

Genes and Growth factor proteins

40
Q

What stimulates or suppresses proliferation?

A

Genes and Growth factor proteins

41
Q

Environmental factors at any stage in life can influence what positively or negatively?

A

Proliferation

42
Q

Define Differentiation

A

Cells becoming specialized in terms of type, function, structure, cell cycle.

43
Q

What stimulates differentiation?

A

Gene expression and growth factor proteins

44
Q

Ectoderm differentiates into…..

A

THE EPIDERMIS:
Hair
Nails
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System

45
Q

Mesoderm differentiates into…

A

Muscles
Bone
Connective Tissues
Kidneys
Gonads
Circulatory System

46
Q

Endoderm differentiates into…

A

Gastrointestinal Tract
Colon
Liver
Bladder
Lungs

47
Q

Name the 4 basic tissue types

A

Nervous
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective

48
Q

Nervous Tissue consist of…

A

Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves

49
Q

Muscle Tissue consist of…

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

50
Q

Epithelial Tissue consist of…

A

Hollow Organs
Gastrointestinal tract
Skin (epidermis)

51
Q

Connective Tissue consist of…

A

Fat
Bone
Blood
Tendons

52
Q

Epithelial Tissue function

A

Absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Movement of substances

53
Q

Muscle Tissue function

A

Keeps body upright
Helps substances move throughout the body

54
Q

Nervous tissue function

A

Senses, processes, and responds to external stimuli

55
Q

What does nervous tissue constantly need?

A

Supply of oxygen and glucose

56
Q

Connective tissue function

A

Supports and connects other tissues

57
Q

What is a neoplasm also known as?

A

Tumor

58
Q

Neoplasm definition:

A

A group of cells whose growth is no longer responding to normal processes. Usually because of mutations.

59
Q

What is the disease state of a Neoplasm?

A

Cancer

60
Q

Key features of Cancer

A

Anaplasia: rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of differentiation

61
Q

Define Carcinogenesis

A

Process which cancer develops under

62
Q

Name the three phases of Carcinogenesis.

A

Initiation
Promotion
Progression

63
Q

Define Initiation in terms of Carcinogenesis

A

Exposure of cell to a substance or event
- causes DNA damage or mutation

64
Q

Define Promotion in terms of Carcinogenesis

A

Exposure to factors that promote growth through epidemic mechanisms

65
Q

Define progression in terms of Carcinogenesis

A

Tumor invades and metastasizes (spreads)
-resistant to drug therapy

66
Q

Less anaplastic (differentiated) cells that reproduce more rapidly than normal are….

A

Benign Tumors

67
Q

Undifferentiated (more anaplastic), non functioning cells the reproduce rapidly are….

A

Malignant Tumors
- often penetrate surrounding tissues and spreads to secondary sites

68
Q

Define Metastasis

A

Spreading of tumors

69
Q

Benign Tumors are usually what?

A

Encapsulated and unable to metastasize

70
Q

Tumor grading is based on….

A

Based on the degree of differentiation
Determines on scale of 1-4

Pathophysiology Test 1 (2 decks)

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