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Pathophysiology > Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Who is at risk of becoming dehydrated?

A

Infants and children
Older adults

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2
Q

Why are infants and children more at risk of dehydration?

A

They have relatively small body weights and high turnover of water and electrolytes. Children lose water through evaporation easily.

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3
Q

What are the main functions of fluid?

A
  • Maintain blood volume
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Transports material to and from the cell
  • Serves as aqueous medium for cellular metabolism
  • Assists digestion of food through hydrolysis
  • Acts as a solvent in which solutes are available for cell function
  • Serves as a medium for the excretion of waste
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4
Q
  • Consists of fluid contained within all of the billions of cells in the body
  • Larger of the two compartments, with approximately two thirds of the body water in healthy adults
  • High concentration of K+
A

Intracellular Compartment (ICF)

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5
Q
  • Contains the remaining one third of body water
  • Contains all the fluids outside the cells, including that in the interstitial of tissue spaces and blood vessels
  • High concentration of Na+
A

Extracellular Compartment (ECF)

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6
Q

This type of fluid loss can be described as being able to see the fluid output - urine and stool.

A

Sensible

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7
Q

This type of fluid loss can be described as not being able to see the fluid loss - such as fluid lost through breathing out and evaporation from the skin. (500 - 1000 mL per day)

A

Insensible

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8
Q

Which body systems are responsible for the most water loss within the body?

A

The renal and respiratory systems

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9
Q

What are the two types of fluid volume disorders?

A

Fluid volume deficit (FVD) and Fluid volume excess (FVE)

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10
Q

What are some causes of Fluid Volume Excess?

A
  • Inadequate sodium and water elimination
  • Excessive sodium intake in relation to output
  • Excessive fluid intake in relation to output

Excessive fluid can be a sign of kidney failure or a cardiac problem

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11
Q

Cardiac symptoms of this syndrome include: bounding pulse, increased pulse rate, jugular vein distention, overdistended hand veins
Respiratory symptoms include: crackles

A

Fluid Volume Excess

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12
Q

The accumulation of fluid in extracellular space.
The physiologic mechanisms that contribute to this are:
- increase in the capillary filtration pressure
- Decrease in the capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
- Increase in capillary permeability
- Produces obstruction to lymph flow

A

Edema

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13
Q

This is caused by a problem with fluid return - there is an issue or blockage of the lymph system; usually seen in just one part of the lymph system and affects just one part of the body.

A

Lymphedema

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14
Q

Accumulation of fluid around the eye.

A

Periorbital edema

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15
Q

What are the types of edema?

A
  • Localized
  • Generalized
  • Anasarca: seen in extreme cases
  • Dependent
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16
Q

What are the different ways of evaluating edema?

A
  • Pitting edema: leaves indents in the skin that has swelling
  • Brawny edema: chronic swelling, skin becomes darker, thicker, and leather-like
  • Nonpitting edema
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17
Q

What is the most common cause of fluid volume deficit?

A

Inadequate fluid intake

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18
Q

What are the causes of fluid volume deficit?

A
  • Inadequate sodium and water retention
  • Inadequate sodium intake in relation to output (not likely to occur)
  • Inadequate fluid intake in relation to output
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19
Q

Cardiac symptoms of this condition include: increased pulse rate, decreased blood pressure, narrow pulse pressure, slow hand filling, decreased pulse volume

A

Fluid Volume Deficit

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20
Q

Which electrolytes are most commonly administered via parenteral infusions?

A
  • Sodium (Chloride)
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
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21
Q

This electrolyte helps with muscle contractions, nerve signaling, blood clotting, cell division, and forming/maintaining bones and teeth

A

Calcium

22
Q

This electrolyte keeps blood pressure levels stable, regulates heart contractions, helps with muscle function

A

Potassium

23
Q

This electrolyte is needed for muscle contractions, proper heart rhythms, nerve functioning, bone-building and strength, reducing anxiety, digestion, and keeping a stable protein-fluid balance

A

Magnesium

24
Q

This electrolyte helps maintain fluid balance, is needed for muscle contractions, and helps with nerve signaling

A

Sodium

25
Q

Which electrolyte is regulated by the kidneys and aldosterone?

A

Sodium

26
Q

This disease is characterized by high serum osmolality and pulls water into intravascular spaces. Signs and symptoms include:
- Skin flushed
- Agitation
- Low-grade fever
- Thirst

A

Hypernatremia

27
Q

This disease is characterized by low serum osmolality and water shifts into the cells. Brain cells are particularly susceptible causing cerebral edema and nerve conduction becomes impaired

A

Hyponatremia

28
Q

Imbalances with this electrolyte are often associated with imbalances in sodium

A

Chloride

29
Q

A shift from ICF to ECF occurs when this electrolyte is imbalanced.

A

Potassium

30
Q

Symptoms of this disease include:
- Muscle twitches, cramps
- Irritability and anxiety
- Decrease in blood pressure
- EKG changes
- Dysrhythmias
- Abdominal cramping
- Diarrhea

A

Hyperkalemia (too much potassium)

31
Q

What is the normal range of potassium in the body?

A

3.5 to 4.5

32
Q

What steps are needed in Hyperkalemia treatment?

A
  • Calcium: stabilizes the heart’s cell membrane and raises cell depolarization threshold
  • Insulin: given with glucose; shifts potassium into the cells
  • Diuretics: used to increase urine output to get rid of excess potassium
33
Q

Symptoms of this disease include:
- Alkalosis
- Shallow respirations
- Irritability
- Confusion and drowsiness
- Weakness and fatigue
- Arrhythmias
- Lethargy
- Thready pulse
- Nausea and vomiting

A

Hypokalemia (low potassium)

34
Q

Calcium has an inverse relationship with _____

A

phosphorus

35
Q

This disease decreases cell membrane excitability

A

Hypercalcemia

36
Q

This disease increases cell membrane excitability and presents with the Trousseau and Chvostek signs

A

Hypocalcemia

37
Q

When the hand curls in on its own when blood pressure is being taken

A

Trousseau sign

38
Q

This sign occurs when touching the face and it scrunches up on that side

A

Chvostek sign

39
Q

Which is more difficult to treat: excess or deficit?

A

Excess

40
Q

An ______ is a molecule that can release a H+ and has a pH below ______

A

Acid, 7

41
Q

_____ is an ion or molecule that can accept or combine with an H+ and has a pH above _____

A

Base, 7

42
Q

Our physiological pH is considered normal when it is in which range?

A

7.35 to 7.45

43
Q

_____ is below 7.35 and _______ is above 7.45

A

Acidic, basic

44
Q

What are the four categories of disorders related to acid-base imbalances?

A

Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis

45
Q

Symptoms of this disease include:
- pH lower than 7.4; increase in CO2
- Hypoventilation ; which can result from airway obstruction, COPD, Chest trauma, Neuromuscular disease, Pulmonary edema, and Drug overdose

A

Respiratory Acidosis

46
Q

This disease has a pH below 7.4 and a decrease in HCO3 and can be the result of:
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Shock
- Sepsis
- Diarrhea
- Renal Failure
- Salicylate OD

A

Metabolic Acidosis

47
Q

This disease can be caused by Hyperventilation, which results in:
- a pH higher than 7.4 and a decrease in CO2
- Anxiety
- High altitude
- Pregnancy
- Fever
- Hypoxia
- Initial stages of Pulmonary Emboli

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

48
Q

This disease is characterized by a pH higher than 7.4 and an increase in HCO3 and can be due to:
- loss of gastric juices
- Potassium wasting diuretics
- Overuse of Antacids

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

49
Q

A substance that reacts to minimize pH changes when either acid or base is released into the system

A

A buffer

50
Q

What are the three primary buffer systems in the ECF?

A
  • Hemoglobin
  • Plasma protein
  • Bicarbonate (major one)
51
Q

Which systems contribute to the regulation of acid-base?

A

Renal and Respiratory

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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