Fluid Book Flashcards
Blood pressure depends on:
- cardiac output
- peripheral vascular resistance
What are the 3 layers of glomerular filtration?
- capillary endothelium ( permeable except for cells and platelets )
- capillary basement (glycoproteins and proteoglycan)
- podocytes
ADH causes release of which factors?
vW and VIII
What are the components of the buffer system ?
Bicarbonate, hemoglobin, phosphate, bone
What is the formula for anion gap?
Na- Cl - HCO3
The daily acid load is a product of ____
Dietary proteins and cellular metabolism
Generalized impairment in resorptive capacity of proximal tubule is a condition known as ____
Fanconi syndrome
What is the main ketone produce in DKA?
B-hydroxybutyric
Ethylene glycol toxicity results in the following signs:
Neurological
Pulmonary edema
Tachycardia
Renal failure
Which are the 2 systems involve in potassium balance ?
1) short term = cells
Via catecholamine, insulin, alkalosis
2) long term = kidneys
Proximal tubule and loop of henle resorb potassium
Collecting tubule secrete potassium
The volume of air in the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange is called:
Physiologic death space (about 30% of tidal volume)
What are the two components of the physiological dead space?
Anatomic (conducting airway; trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) = constant
Alveolar ( alveoli that are not perfuse) = varies
What are the 3 steps of ventilation?
Sensing/signaling
Muscle and motion
Free flow
What are the layers that makes the filtration barrier ?
- Endothelium of capillaries (fenestrae)
- Basement membrane
- Podocytes
Specialized group of epithelial cells in the distal tubules that comes in close contact with afférent and efferent arterioles is _____
Macula densa
The amount of urine that must be excreted each day to rid the body of metabolic waste product and ions that are ingested is called _____
Obligatory urine volume
The deformity of the maxilla and mandible in young dogs with CKD is called ___
Rubber jaw
Which radioisotope can be use to determine GFR?
Iohexol
Réabsorption of protein in the proximal tubule is mediated via —-
Megalin ans cubulin mediated endocytosis
Renal biopsy are indicated when UPC is over which number (in adddition to being unresponsive to therapy)
3.5
Evaluation of renal biopsies should use which methods ?
Light microscopy with MT
TEM
Immunofluorescence
What are the 4 components of nephrotic syndrome ?
Hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, edema ans proteinuria
Isosthenuria is defined as a USG of ___
1.008 -1.015
Which part of the nephron is most susceptible to hypoxia ?
Cortical: proximal tubule and loop of henle
Which 2 diseases are associated with perirenal fluids?
Lymphoma
Lepto
Those parasites are associated with which system?
- stephanurus dentatus
- capillaria plica and felis
- dioctophyma
Renal
Which part of the renal vascular system is vasoconstricted when norepinephrine is given? Vasopressin?
Afferent
Efferent
What should be monitored during administration of aminoglycoside?
Urine sediment (looking for casts)
Fenoldopam should be given is which cases?
AKI
Will result in vasodilation, inhibit Na/K activity, inhibit angiotensin II and inhibit ADH
What is the main cause of CKD ?
Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
Why does hypocalcemia develop in CKD?
Hyperparathyroidism:
- phosphorus retention
- increased FGF-23 results in decreased calcitriol
Why does CKD results in metabolic acidosis? And what is the main consequence ?
Decreased réabsorption of bicarbonate
Increased excretion of H
Increase anion gap
Results in proteins catabolism
What side effects can be seen with phosphorus binders?
Neurological
Microcytosis
Constipation
What is the main reason for GI upset associated with CKD in dogs? Cats?
Uremic gastritis with ulceration
Gastric fibrosis and mineralization
When should we treat proteinuria in animal with CKD stage I vs II-IV ?
> 2
> 0.5 (dogs) and > 0.4 (cats)
What is considered successful treatment of glomerulopathy?
> 50% réduction in UPC
25% réduction creatinine
50% improved albumin
Fanconi syndrome is inherited in which breed ?
Basenji
In which breed is renal dysplasia well defined?
Lhasa apso
Which breed is predisposed to podocytopathy/glomerulosclerosis?
Soft coated wheaten terrier
Which breeds are predisposed to polycystic kidney disease?
Persian
Bull terrier
Cairn terrier
WHWT
