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Fluid-electrolytes > Fluid Book > Flashcards

Fluid Book Flashcards

1
Q

Blood pressure depends on:

A
  • cardiac output

- peripheral vascular resistance

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of glomerular filtration?

A
  • capillary endothelium ( permeable except for cells and platelets )
  • capillary basement (glycoproteins and proteoglycan)
  • podocytes
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3
Q

ADH causes release of which factors?

A

vW and VIII

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4
Q

What are the components of the buffer system ?

A

Bicarbonate, hemoglobin, phosphate, bone

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5
Q

What is the formula for anion gap?

A

Na- Cl - HCO3

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6
Q

The daily acid load is a product of ____

A

Dietary proteins and cellular metabolism

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7
Q

Generalized impairment in resorptive capacity of proximal tubule is a condition known as ____

A

Fanconi syndrome

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8
Q

What is the main ketone produce in DKA?

A

B-hydroxybutyric

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9
Q

Ethylene glycol toxicity results in the following signs:

A

Neurological
Pulmonary edema
Tachycardia
Renal failure

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10
Q

Which are the 2 systems involve in potassium balance ?

A

1) short term = cells
Via catecholamine, insulin, alkalosis

2) long term = kidneys
Proximal tubule and loop of henle resorb potassium
Collecting tubule secrete potassium

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11
Q

The volume of air in the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange is called:

A

Physiologic death space (about 30% of tidal volume)

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12
Q

What are the two components of the physiological dead space?

A

Anatomic (conducting airway; trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) = constant

Alveolar ( alveoli that are not perfuse) = varies

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13
Q

What are the 3 steps of ventilation?

A

Sensing/signaling
Muscle and motion
Free flow

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14
Q

What are the layers that makes the filtration barrier ?

A
  • Endothelium of capillaries (fenestrae)
  • Basement membrane
  • Podocytes
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15
Q

Specialized group of epithelial cells in the distal tubules that comes in close contact with afférent and efferent arterioles is _____

A

Macula densa

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16
Q

The amount of urine that must be excreted each day to rid the body of metabolic waste product and ions that are ingested is called _____

A

Obligatory urine volume

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17
Q

The deformity of the maxilla and mandible in young dogs with CKD is called ___

A

Rubber jaw

18
Q

Which radioisotope can be use to determine GFR?

19
Q

Réabsorption of protein in the proximal tubule is mediated via —-

A

Megalin ans cubulin mediated endocytosis

20
Q

Renal biopsy are indicated when UPC is over which number (in adddition to being unresponsive to therapy)

21
Q

Evaluation of renal biopsies should use which methods ?

A

Light microscopy with MT
TEM
Immunofluorescence

22
Q

What are the 4 components of nephrotic syndrome ?

A

Hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, edema ans proteinuria

23
Q

Isosthenuria is defined as a USG of ___

A

1.008 -1.015

24
Q

Which part of the nephron is most susceptible to hypoxia ?

A

Cortical: proximal tubule and loop of henle

25
Q

Which 2 diseases are associated with perirenal fluids?

A

Lymphoma

Lepto

26
Q

Those parasites are associated with which system?

  • stephanurus dentatus
  • capillaria plica and felis
  • dioctophyma
27
Q

Which part of the renal vascular system is vasoconstricted when norepinephrine is given? Vasopressin?

A

Afferent

Efferent

28
Q

What should be monitored during administration of aminoglycoside?

A

Urine sediment (looking for casts)

29
Q

Fenoldopam should be given is which cases?

A

AKI

Will result in vasodilation, inhibit Na/K activity, inhibit angiotensin II and inhibit ADH

30
Q

What is the main cause of CKD ?

A

Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis

31
Q

Why does hypocalcemia develop in CKD?

A

Hyperparathyroidism:

  • phosphorus retention
  • increased FGF-23 results in decreased calcitriol
32
Q

Why does CKD results in metabolic acidosis? And what is the main consequence ?

A

Decreased réabsorption of bicarbonate
Increased excretion of H
Increase anion gap

Results in proteins catabolism

33
Q

What side effects can be seen with phosphorus binders?

A

Neurological
Microcytosis
Constipation

34
Q

What is the main reason for GI upset associated with CKD in dogs? Cats?

A

Uremic gastritis with ulceration

Gastric fibrosis and mineralization

35
Q

When should we treat proteinuria in animal with CKD stage I vs II-IV ?

A

> 2

> 0.5 (dogs) and > 0.4 (cats)

36
Q

What is considered successful treatment of glomerulopathy?

A

> 50% réduction in UPC
25% réduction creatinine
50% improved albumin

37
Q

Fanconi syndrome is inherited in which breed ?

38
Q

In which breed is renal dysplasia well defined?

A

Lhasa apso

39
Q

Which breed is predisposed to podocytopathy/glomerulosclerosis?

A

Soft coated wheaten terrier

40
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to polycystic kidney disease?

A

Persian
Bull terrier
Cairn terrier
WHWT

Fluid-electrolytes (2 decks)

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