Fluid Balance Flashcards
What does ADH hormone regulate?
Retain water
What does angiotensin II do?
Stimulates adrenal gland to release more aldosterone and can cause construction of blood vessels- in term causes raises in BP
Which way does hydrostatic pressure move fluid?
Out of the blood vessel
Which way does plasma colloid osmotic pressure move fluid?
Into the vessel
Where are bedridden patients dependent edema located?
Lowest points, so back of the body
Is hypermia an active or passive process?
Active
What is hyperemia caused by?
Inflammation or exercise of skeletal muscles
What does hyperemia blood look like?
Red (erythematous) due to influx of oxygenated blood
Is congestion active or passive?
Passive
What causes congestion?
Obstruction of venous return
What does congested blood appear as?
Cyanotic or reddish blue due to accumulation of deoxygenated hemoglobin
A man develops a blood clot in his right lower leg, is this hyperemia or congestion?
Congestion
A man blushed during a meeting is this hyperemia or congestion?
Hyperemia
What causes exudate?
Inflammation
Has a high protein level
What is transudate?
Filtrate of plasma
Has a low protein level, not due to inflammation
What is the most common cause of right heart failure?
Pulmonary hypertension secondary to LHF
What are the clinical features of right sided heart failure
JVD, dependent pitting edema, congestion of the liver causing cirrhosis (cardiac cirrhosis), portal hypertension, ascites
Petechiae
Small pinpoint hemorrhages into the skin, mucosal, or aerosol surfaces
Caused by
increased intravscular pressure
Decreased platelets
Endothelial cell injury
Purpura
A bit bigger than Petechiae and same causes
0.3-1 cm
Ecchymoses
> 1 cm bruises caused by trauma and coagulopathy
What is the factors for significance of hemorrhage?
Amount, rate, and location
Primary Hemostasis
Platelets and von willebrand factor
Secondary hemostasis
Plasma coagulation factors (fibrin)
What is the ideal surface for the coagulation cascade?
Phospholipid surface on the activated platelet membrane
What is required for the coagulation cascade?
Calcium
Where are most coagulation factors made?
Liver
What vitamin do several factors require for synthesis ?
Vitamin k
What lab measures the intrinsic pathway?
PTT
What lab checks the extrinsic pathway?
PT
What is in the common pathway?
Think small bills
V, X, II, and I
If you have immediate bleeding after brushing your teeth which disorder do you have, primary or secondary?
Primary- you see immediate bleeding and mucocutaneous bleeding
If your patient has a deep tissue hemorrhage which disorder do they most likely have, primary or secondary hemostasis?
Secondary- they have delayed bleeding and deep tissue hematomas
Disorders of primary hemostasis
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet dysfunction (med induced or inherited)
Von willebrand disease
Disorders of secondary hemostasis
Inherited hemophilia A or B
Acquired (warfarin or liver disease)
Acquired coagulation factor inhibitors
