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Nurs 110 > Fluid and Electrolytes ( Test 2 ) > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes ( Test 2 ) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average percentage of water in an adult male?

A

Around 60%

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2
Q

What are the functions of water in the body?

A

Transports nutrients and wastes, regulates temperature, lubricates membranes, facilitates food digestion.

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3
Q

What is the daily water need for an adult?

A

1.5 - 2.5 liters

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4
Q

What are the two main compartments of body fluid?

A

Intracellular and Extracellular

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5
Q

What are the types of extracellular fluid?

A

Intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, transcellular fluid.

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6
Q

What are cations?

A

Positively charged ions.

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7
Q

What are the main extracellular cations?

A

Na+, Ca+

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8
Q

What are the main intracellular cations?

A

K+, Mg+, Ca+

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9
Q

What are anions?

A

Negatively charged ions.

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10
Q

What are the main extracellular anions?

A

Cl-, HCO³-

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11
Q

What is the main intracellular anion?

A

P-

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12
Q

What are the mechanisms of transport in the body?

A

Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis.

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13
Q

What is osmolality?

A

A measure of solute concentration in body fluids.

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14
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body to promote healthy survival.

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15
Q

What regulates fluid balance in the body?

A

Kidneys, Heart, Lungs, Brain.

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16
Q

What are the types of solutions based on osmolarity?

A

Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic.

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17
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

A condition of decreased blood volume.

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18
Q

What are the causes of hypovolemia?

A

Insensible water loss, diseases causing increased urination, diuretic therapy, hemorrhage, GI losses, third-space shifting.

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19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypovolemia?

A

Deterioration of mental status, thirst, dry mouth, tachycardia, poor skin turgor, orthostatic hypotension, decreased urinary output.

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20
Q

What is hypervolemia?

A

Excessive retention of water and sodium in extracellular fluid.

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21
Q

What are the causes of hypervolemia?

A

Congestive heart failure, renal failure.

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22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypervolemia?

A

Rapid weight gain, rapid bounding pulse, distended veins, increased BP, edema, pulmonary edema.

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23
Q

What are some nursing interventions for hypervolemia?

A

Assess vital signs, assess for edema, strict intake and output, daily weights.

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24
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

A solution with the same osmolarity as blood plasma, expands extracellular fluid without fluid shifting.

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25
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Fluid with less solute concentration than another fluid, dilutes extracellular fluid.

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26
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Fluid with more solute concentration than another fluid, expands extracellular fluid and draws fluid from intracellular fluid.

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27
Q

What is the normal sodium (Na+) level?

A

135-145 mEq/L

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28
Q

What is the role of sodium in the body?

A

Maintains fluid balance and transmits impulses in nerve and muscle.

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29
Q

What are the causes of hyponatremia?

A

Loss of sodium or gain of too much water from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, or diuretics.

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30
Q

What are nursing interventions for hyponatremia?

A

Safety precautions, intake and output monitoring, daily weight, assess skin turgor.

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31
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

Sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L.

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32
Q

What are the signs of hypernatremia?

A

Twitching, restlessness, intense thirst, pulmonary and peripheral edema.

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33
Q

What are the causes of hypernatremia?

A

Decreased fluid intake, water loss from diuretics, fever, heat stroke, diarrhea.

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34
Q

What are nursing interventions for hypernatremia?

A

Decrease sodium intake, monitor urine output, intake and output monitoring, daily weights.

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35
Q

What is the normal level of Potassium (K+)?

A

3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L

36
Q

What are the major functions of Potassium (K+)?

A

Regulates the cells’ electrical neutrality, aids neuromuscular transmission of nerve impulses, assists with skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction.

37
Q

What is Hypokalemia?

A

<3.5 mEq/L

38
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypokalemia?

A

Skeletal weakness, U wave (EKG change), Constipation, Toxic effects of Digoxin, Irregular pulse, Numbness.

39
Q

What are the causes of Hypokalemia?

A

GI losses (vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suction), Renal losses (diuretics).

40
Q

What are the nursing interventions for Hypokalemia?

A

Administer K+ supplements (oral or IV), Educate about foods high in K+ (dried fruit, bananas, orange juice, apricots).

41
Q

What is Hyperkalemia?

42
Q

What are the symptoms of Hyperkalemia?

A

Tall peaked T-wave, Weak lower extremities, Anxiety & irritability, V-fib & dysrhythmias, EKG changes.

43
Q

What are the causes of Hyperkalemia?

A

Renal failure, Excess K+ intake, Patient taking excess K+ and receiving K+ sparing diuretics.

44
Q

What are the nursing interventions for Hyperkalemia?

A

Limit oral K+ intake, Administer Kayexalate (oral, NG, rectal).

45
Q

What is the normal level of Calcium (Ca+)?

A

Total 8.9-10.5 mg/dl, Ionized 4.5 – 5.6 mg/dl

46
Q

What is the relationship between Calcium and Phosphorus?

A

Inverse relationship.

47
Q

What are the functions of Calcium (Ca+)?

A

Provides rigidity and strength to bones and teeth, Necessary for neuromuscular activity.

48
Q

What is Hypocalcemia?

A

< 8.9 mg/dl or < 4.5 mg/dl (ionized)

49
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypocalcemia?

A

Twitching to face (Chvostek’s sign), EKG changes (V-Tach), Trousseau’s sign, Anxiety & confusion, Numbness to extremities & mouth, Laryngeal spasms.

50
Q

What are the causes of Hypocalcemia?

A

Inadequate calcium intake, Impaired calcium absorption, Excessive calcium loss.

51
Q

What are the nursing interventions for Hypocalcemia?

A

Encourage diet high in calcium and vitamin D, Administer phosphate-binding antacids, Administer calcium gluconate.

52
Q

What is Hypercalcemia?

A

> 10.5 mg/dl or > 5.6 mg/dl (ionized)

53
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypercalcemia?

A

Moans (gastrointestinal conditions), Stones (kidney-related issues), Groans (psychological conditions), Bones (bone pain and related conditions).

54
Q

What are the causes of Hypercalcemia?

A

Metastatic disease of bone (cancers), Hyperparathyroidism.

55
Q

What are the nursing interventions for Hypercalcemia?

A

Administer fluids to decrease risk of renal stones and constipation, Limit intake of calcium, Encourage hydration (3000-4000ml per day), Life-threatening levels require dialysis.

56
Q

What is the normal range of Magnesium (Mg+)?

A

1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L

57
Q

What are the functions of Magnesium (Mg+)?

A

Aids in neuromuscular activity.

58
Q

What is Hypomagnesemia?

A

<1.3 mEq/L

59
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypomagnesemia?

A

Irregular CNS (confusion/seizures), Labored respiratory, Rapid rate, Irritates myocardium, Three Ts (twitchy, tremors, and tetany), Anorexia, Trousseau’s and Chvostek’s sign, EKG signs.

60
Q

What are the causes of Hypomagnesemia?

A

NG suction, Diarrhea, Burn patients, Alcoholism, Sepsis.

61
Q

What are the nursing interventions for Hypomagnesemia?

A

Administer Mg++ supplements, Foods high in Magnesium, If severe IV mag will be administered (monitor patient for hypotension, cardiac or respiratory arrest).

62
Q

What is Hypermagnesemia?

A

> 2.1 mEq/L

63
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypermagnesemia?

A

Slow shallow respirations (respiratory depression), Lethargy to coma, Out of steam (hypoactive DTR’s), Weak pulse, decreased cardiac function, to cardiac arrest.

64
Q

What are the causes of Hypermagnesemia?

A

Renal failure.

65
Q

What are the nursing interventions for Hypermagnesemia?

A

Administer IV fluids, Restrict magnesium foods and drugs, Administer calcium gluconate.

66
Q

What is the normal range of Phosphorus (P)?

A

2.5 – 4.5 mg/dl

67
Q

What is the relationship between Phosphorus and Calcium?

A

Inverse relationship.

68
Q

What are the functions of Phosphorus (P)?

A

Neuromuscular activity (contraction of muscles, maintaining the regularity of the heartbeat, and nerve conduction).

69
Q

What is Hypophosphatemia?

A

<2.5 mg/dl

70
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypophosphatemia?

A

Lethargy & confusion, Osteomalacia & Rhabdomyolysis, Weak muscles (respiratory, heart, & body).

71
Q

What are the causes of Hypophosphatemia?

A

Absorption issues, Associated with alcoholism and malnutrition, Diuretic usage.

72
Q

What are the nursing interventions for Hypophosphatemia?

A

Administer Phosphate (oral, IV), Increase dietary intake.

73
Q

What is Hyperphosphatemia?

A

> 4.5 mg/dl

74
Q

What are the symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia?

A

Decreased mental status, Anorexia, Neuromuscular irritability, Chvostek’s & Trousseau’s sign, Extremity tingling (fingers & toes).

75
Q

What are the causes of Hyperphosphatemia?

A

Chronic renal failure, Hypoparathyroidism.

76
Q

What are the nursing interventions for Hyperphosphatemia?

A

Restrict phosphorus-containing foods (meat and milk) and drugs, Administer phosphate-binding antacids, Dialysis, Diuretics to promote excretion.

77
Q

What is the normal range of Chloride (Cl)?

A

98 – 108 mEq/L

78
Q

What is the relationship between Chloride and Sodium?

A

Direct relationship.

79
Q

What is Hypochloremia?

80
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypochloremia?

A

Seizures, coma, Muscle cramps, Arrhythmias, Respiratory arrest, Twitching, tetany, & hyperactive DTR’s.

81
Q

What are the causes of Hypochloremia?

A

GI losses (vomiting, diarrhea), NG suction and drainage, Burns, Diuretic therapy.

82
Q

What are the nursing interventions for Hypochloremia?

A

Monitor LOC, Vitals, Administer Chloride replacement (oral, IV).

83
Q

What is Hyperchloremia?

A

> 108 mEq/L

84
Q

What are the symptoms of Hyperchloremia?

A

Weakness, Active heart (dysthymias), Lethargy, Coma.

85
Q

What are the causes of Hyperchloremia?

A

Hypernatremia, Increased chloride retention by the kidneys.

86
Q

What are the nursing interventions for Hyperchloremia?

A

Monitor vitals (cardiac rhythm, resp rate), Monitor I&O.

Nurs 110 (3 decks)

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