Fluid And Electrolytes Part 2

Question 1

Reference Range for Calcium

Answer 1

8.8 - 10.4 mg/dL

Question 2

Reference range for Chloride:

Answer 2

96- 106 mEq/L

Question 3

Reference Range for Magnesium:

Answer 3

1.8 - 2.6 mg/dL

Question 4

Reference Range for Phosphorus:

Answer 4

2.7 - 4.5 mg/dL

Question 5

Reference range for Potassium:

Answer 5

3.5 - 5 mEq/L

Question 6

Reference range for Sodium:

Answer 6

135 - 145 mEq/L

Question 7

What are electrolytes:

Answer 7

Substances whose molecules dissociate into ions when placed in water.

Question 8

Cations:

Answer 8

Positively charged ions.

Question 9

Anions:

Answer 9

Negatively charged ions.

Question 10

What is an electrolyte imbalance:

Answer 10

An abnormality in the concentration of the electrolytes in the body.

Question 11

Electrolytes help to regulate:

Answer 11

• Cardiac and neurological function.
• Fluid balance
• Oxygen delivery
• Acid-Base balance

Question 12

What is diffusion:

Answer 12

Movement of mainly molecules across a permeable membrane from high to low concentration.
- Simple diffusion is passive.

Question 13

What is Facilitated Diffusion:

Answer 13

Uses carriers to move molecules.

EX: Glucose cannot enter most cell membranes without the help of insulin.

Question 14

What is Active Transport:

Answer 14

Process in which molecules move against concentration gradients.

Question 15

Sodium functions to play a role in:

Answer 15

• ECF volume and concentration (osmolality).
• Generation and transmission of nerve impulses.
• Muscle contractility.
• Acid-base balance.

Question 16

Sodium functions to play a role in:

Answer 16

• ECF volume and concentration (osmolality).
• Generation and transmission of nerve impulses.
• Muscle contractility.
• Acid-base balance.

Question 17

Sodium is a major ______ of ECF.

Answer 17

Cation

Question 18

Sodium is excreted through:

Answer 18

Urine, sweat and feces.

Question 19

Sodium is excreted through:

Answer 19

Urine, sweat and feces.

Question 20

Hypernatremia:

Answer 20

High serum sodium levels: >145 mg/dL

Question 21

Hyponatremia:

Answer 21

Low serum sodium levels: <135 mg/dL

Question 22

Common medications that can cause Hyponatremia:

Answer 22

Anticonvulsants, SSRIs, or Desmopressin acetate.

Question 23

Potassium is a major Cation in the ______.

Answer 23

ICF

Question 24

Potassium is necessary for:

Answer 24

• Transmission and conduction of nerve and smooth muscle impulses.
• Cellular growth.
• Maintenance of cardiac rhythms.
• Acid-Base balance.

Question 25

Hyperkalemia:

Answer 25

Elevated serum potassium levels: > 5 mEq/L

Question 26

What causes Hyperkalemia:

Answer 26

Excess intake, internal shift (K+ shifting out of cells, e.g. Acidosis), Rhabdomyolysis, severe burns, crush injuries, and retention from renal or medications.

Question 27

Which medications can cause Hyperkalemia:

Answer 27

ARBs (Iosartan), ACE inhibitors (Lisinopril) and BB ( Propranalol).

Question 28

Clinical manifestations of Hyperkalemia:

Answer 28

Increased cell excitability, muscle weakness, abdominal weakness, abdominal or leg cramps, and diarrhea.

Question 29

Hypokalemia:

Answer 29

Low serum potassium levels: <3.5 mEq/L

Question 30

Which medications can cause hypokalemia:

Answer 30

Loop or thiazide diuretics.

Question 31

KCL to be administered to a patient with hypokalemia should not exceed what dose:

Answer 31

10 mEq/hr NO IV push or boluses, must be diluted in fluids.

Question 32

Functions of calcium:

Answer 32

- Formation of teeth and bones. - Blood clotting - Transmission of nerve impulses. - Myocardial contractions. - Muscle contractions.

Question 33

Calcium balance is controlled by:

Answer 33

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin.

Question 34

Hypocalcemia:

Answer 34

Low serum calcium levels: < 8.8 mg/dL

Question 35

Hypocalcemia can be caused by:

Answer 35

Less Ca entering the blood, excess excretion, and multiple blood transfusions.

Question 36

Clinical manifestations of Hypocalcemia:

Answer 36

- Tetany: Positive Trousseau’s or Chvostek’s sign. - Laryngeal stridor. - Dysphagia - Perioral Tingling - Cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 37

Hypercalcemia:

Answer 37

High serum calcium levels: >10.5 mg/dL

Question 38

Hypercalcemia cases are typically:

Answer 38

- 2/3 due to hyperthyroidism. - 1/3 due to malignancy.

Question 39

Phosphate is a primary ____ in ICF.

Answer 39

Anion

Question 40

Most phosphorus is found in the:

Answer 40

Bones and teeth.

Question 41

Phosphorus is essential to the function of:

Answer 41

Muscle, RBCs and nervous system.

Question 42

Phosphate serum levels are controlled by:

Answer 42

PTH

Question 43

High phosphate levels tend to cause:

Answer 43

Low calcium concentration in the serum.

Question 44

Hyperphosphatemia:

Answer 44

Elevated Phosphate serum levels: > 4.5 mg/dL

Question 45

Hyperphosphatemia is caused by:

Answer 45

AKI or CKD, Chemotherapy, Hypothyroidism, Tumor lysis or Rhabdomyolysis, or excessive intake of phosphate or vitamin D.

Question 46

Hypophosphatemia:

Answer 46

Low serum phosphate levels: <2.7 mg/ dL

Question 47

Causes for Hypophosphatemia:

Answer 47

- Malnourishment/ malabsorption. - Diarrhea - ETOH abuse. - Use of phosphate-binding antacids (TUMS). - During parenteral nutrition with inadequate replacement.

Question 48

Magnesium if required for:

Answer 48

DNA and protein synthesis.

Question 49

Hypermagnesemia:

Answer 49

Elevated serum magnesium level: > 2.6 mg/dL

Question 50

Hypomagnesemia:

Answer 50

Low serum magnesium levels: <1.8mg/dL