Fluid and Electrolytes

Question 1

Active Transport

Answer 1

movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes, usually against a pressure gradient ad with the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Question 2

Anions

Answer 2

ion that carries a negative electric charge

Question 3

Cation

Answer 3

ion that carries a positive electric charge

Question 4

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Answer 4

pressure exerted by plasma proteins on permeable membranes in the body

Question 5

Dehydration

Answer 5

decreased water volume in the body tissue

Question 6

Diffusion

Answer 6

tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established

Question 7

Edema

Answer 7

accumulation of fluid in extracellular spaces

Question 8

Electrolytes

Answer 8

substance capable of breaking into ions and developing an electric charge when dissolved in solution

Question 9

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 9

fluid outside of the cells, includes intravascular and interstitial fluids

Question 10

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 10

force exerted by fluid against the container wall

Question 11

Hypercalcemia

Answer 11

excess of calcium in extracellular fluid

Question 12

Hyperkalemia

Answer 12

excess of potassium in extracellular fluid

Question 13

Hypermagnesemia

Answer 13

excess of magnesium in extracellular fluid

Question 14

Hypernatremia

Answer 14

excess of sodium in extracellular fluid

Question 15

Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 15

above-normal concentration of inorganic phosphorus

Question 16

Hypertonic

Answer 16

having a greater concentration that the solution with which it is being compared

Question 17

Hypervolemia

Answer 17

excess of plasma

Question 18

Hypocalcemia

Answer 18

insufficient amount of calcium in the extracellular fluid

Question 19

Hypokalemia

Answer 19

insufficient amount of potassium in the extracellular fluid

Question 20

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 20

insufficient amount of magnesium in the extracellular fluid

Question 21

Hyponatremia

Answer 21

insufficient amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid

Question 22

Hypophosphatemia

Answer 22

below-normal serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus

Question 23

Hypotonic

Answer 23

having a lesser concentration that the solution with which it is being compared

Question 24

Hypovolemia

Answer 24

deficiency of blood plasma

Question 25

Ion

Answer 25

atom or molecule carrying an electric charge in a solution

Question 26

Isotonic

Answer 26

having about the same concentration as the solution which it is being compared

Question 27

Osmolarity

Answer 27

concentration of particles in a solution, or a solution’s pulling power

Question 28

Osmosis

Answer 28

passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration until equilibrium is established

Question 29

Solutes

Answer 29

substance that dissolved in a solution

Question 30

Solvents

Answer 30

liquid holding a substance in a solution

Question 31

Capillary filtration

Answer 31

passage of fluid across the wall of the capillary; resulting from the force of blood “pushing” against the walls of the capillaries

Question 32

Isotonic IV Solutions

Answer 32

5% Dextrose in water (D5W)
0.9% NaCl (normal saline)
Lactated Ringer’s solution

Question 33

Hypotonic IV Solutions

Answer 33

0. 33% NaCl (1/3 strength normal saline)

0. 45% NaCl (1/2 strength normal saline)

Question 34

Hypertonic IV Solutions

Answer 34

5% Dextrose in 0.45% NaCl
10% Dextrose in water (D10W)
5% Dextrose in 0.9% NaCl

Question 35

A nurse is caring for an older patient with type 2 diabetes who is living in a long-term care facility. The nurse determines that the patient’s fluid intake and output is approximately 1200 mL daily. What patient teaching would the nurse provide for this patient? Select all that apply

a. “Try to drink at least six to eight glasses of water each day.”
b. “Try to limit your fluid intake to one quart of water daily”
c. “Limit sugar, salt, and alcohol in your diet”
d. “Report side effects of medications you are taking especially diarrhea”
e. “Temporarily increase foods containing caffeine for their diuretic effect.”
f. “Weigh yourself daily and report any changes in your weight.”

Answer 35

a, c, d, f

Question 36

A nurse is performing a physical assessment of a patient who is experiencing fluid volume excess. Upon examination of the patient’s legs, the nurse documents: “Pitting edema; 6mm pit; pit remains several seconds after pressing with obvious skin swelling.” What grade of edema has this nurse documented?

a. 1+ pitting edema
b. 2+ pitting edema
c. 3+ pitting edema
d. 4+ pitting edema

Answer 36

c. 3+ pitting edema

Question 37

A nurse is preparing an IV solution for a patient who has hypernatremia. Which solutions are the best choices for this condition? Select all that apply.

a. 5% dextrose in water (D5W)
b. 0.9% NaCl (normal saline)
c. Lactated Ringer’s solution
d. 0.33% NaCl (1/3-strength normal saline)
e. 0.45% NaCl (1/2-strength normal saline)
f. 10% dextrose in water (D10W)

Answer 37

a. 5% dextrose in water (D5W)
d. 0.33% NaCl (1/3-strength normal saline)
e. 0.45% NaCl (1/2-strength normal saline)

Question 38

A nurse is assessing infants in the NICU for fluid balance status. Which nursing action would the nurse depend on as the most reliable indicator of a patient’s fluid balance status?

a. Recording intake and output
b. Testing skin turgor
c. Reviewing the complete blood count
d. Measuring weight daily

Answer 38

d. Measuring daily weight

Question 39

A patient has been encouraged to increase fluid intake. Which measure would be most effective for the nurse to implement?
a. Explaining the mechanism involved in transporting fluids to and from intracellular compartments
b. Keeping fluids readily available for the patient
c. Emphasizing the long-term outcome of increasing fluids when the patient returns home.
Planning to offer most daily fluids in the evening.

Answer 39

b. keeping fluids readily available for the patient

Question 40

A nurse is caring for a patient who has a fluid imbalance related to the development of ascites. Which imbalances would the nurse monitor for in this patient? Select all that apply.

a. Extracellular fluid volume deficit
b. protein deficit
c. metabolic acidosis
d. sodium deficit
e. Plasma-to-interstitial fluid shift
f. metabolic acidosis

Answer 40

a. Extracellular fluid volume deficit
b. protein deficit
d. sodium deficit
e. Plasma-to-interstitial fluid shift