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Med Surg 1 > Fluid and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Measurable intake

A

oral fluid, tube feedings, parentral fluids, enemas, retained irrigation fluid

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2
Q

Non-measurable intake

A

solid foods, metabolism

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3
Q

Measurable output

A

urine, emesis, feces, drainage from body cavities

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4
Q

Non-measurable output

A

sweating, vaporization through the lungs

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5
Q

Intake sources

A

liquids, solid foods, metabolism

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6
Q

Fluid loss routes

A

kidneys, skin, lungs, GI tract, drainage

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7
Q

Sodium

A
  • Major extracellular electrolyte
  • Controls regulation and water balance
  • Imbalances cause neuro problems
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8
Q

Potassium

A
  • Major intracellular electrolyte
  • Helps maintain intracellular water balance
  • Transmits nerve impulses to muscles and contract skeletal and smooth muscles
  • Levels increase with poor kidney function and decrease with excessive urination, diarrhea, and vomiting
  • Imbalances cause cardiac problems
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9
Q

Chloride

A
  • Works with sodium to maintain osmotic pressure

- increase with poor kidney function and decrease with excessive vomiting or diarrhea

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10
Q

Calcium

A
  • Transmission of nerve impulses, heart and muscle contractions, blood clotting, formation of teeth and bones
  • Requires vitamin D for absorption
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11
Q

Phosphate

A

-Balance intertwined with calcium

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12
Q

Serum osmo

A
  • Increase water deficit (concentrated)

- Decrease water excess (dilute

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13
Q

Distribution of body fluids and electrolytes

A

-Intracellular (2/3)- potassium, phosphate
-Extracellular (1/3)- sodium, chloride
Body water:
-Extracellular 33% -Interstitial 25%-Plasma 8%
-Intracellular 66%

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14
Q

JG cells

A
  • Sense low sodium
  • releases renin
  • Converts angiotensinogen to angio 1 then to angio 2
  • Stimulates the release of Aldosterone
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15
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  • Senses decreased serum osmo or sodium
  • Releases aldosterone
  • reabsorbs sodium into the blood
  • increases potassium excretion into urine
  • increases serum osmo
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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • senses increase in serum osmo or sodium
  • stimulates thirst
  • triggers release of ADH
  • retains water in blood
  • concentrates urine
  • mildly constricts blood vessels
  • decreases serum osmo
17
Q

Heart

A
  • senses increase volume through stretch receptors in right atrium
  • secretes ANP and BNP
  • inhibits ADH
  • stops RAAS
  • increased sodium excretion through the urine dilates blood vessels
  • decreases serum osmo
18
Q

Fluid spacing

A
  • 1st spacing: Normal
  • 2nd spacing: Edema
  • 3rd spacing: ascites, burn edema
19
Q

Isotonic IV fluids

A
  • balanced, maintenance

- NS, D5W, LR

20
Q

Hypertonic IV fluids

A
  • shifting fluid out of the cell causing it to shrink

- 3% NS, D51/2NS, D10W

21
Q

Hypotonic IV fluids

A
  • shifting fluid into the cell causing size to increase

- 1/2 NS

22
Q

hx considerations for fluid and electrolyte imbalances

A

-Nutrition, I/Os, insensible losses, use of diuretics/ laxatives, weight changes, kidney or endocrine disorders, LOC, mental status, depression, eating disorders, alcohol intake

23
Q

physical considerations for fluid and electrolyte imbalances

A

-hydration status, skin turgor, mucous membranes, I/Os

24
Q

Dx tests for fluid and electrolyte imbalances

A

-electrolyte levels, BUN, glucose, creatinine, pH, bicarb, osmolality, Hgb, Hct, urine dipstick, urine pH and specific gravity

25
Q

Plasma

A
  • Extracellular fluid (ECF)

- the fluid portion of the blood

26
Q

Interstitial fluid (IF)

A
  • Extracellular fluid (ECF)

- fluid in spaces between cells

27
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

-fluid contained in cells

28
Q

ECF cation/anion

A
  • Sodium is the chief cation

- Chloride is the major anion

29
Q

ICF cation/anion

A
  • Potassium is the chief cation

- Phosphate is the chief anion

30
Q

Sodium/potassium pumps

A

-Continually readjust the concentrations so that there is more sodium in the ECF and more potassium in the ICF

31
Q

ADH

A
  • stored in the pituitary
  • acts on the kidneys decreases the amount of water that is lost in urine, making it more concentrated
  • alcohol inhibits the release of ADH
  • decreased BP and plasma volume means that the baroreceptors aren’t being stretched which stimulates ADH
32
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A
  • Promotes excretion of sodium and chloride followed by water excretion to decrease blood volume
  • Released by heart tissue in response to increased stretch
  • Acts on the kidney

Med Surg 1 (2 decks)

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