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Med Surg 1 > Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

concentration of hydrogen ions is regulated sequentially by:

A
  • Chemical buffer system
  • Respiratory center
  • Renal (kidney) mechanisms
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2
Q

Chemical buffer systems

A
  • In the blood
  • acts within seconds
  • temporarily binds to H+
  • Raise pH but do not remove H+ from the body
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3
Q

Respiratory center

A
  • In the brainstem

- acts within 1-3 min

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4
Q

Renal (kidney) system

A

-require hours to day to effect pH changes

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5
Q

3 major chemical buffer systems:

A
  • Bicarb
  • phosphate
  • protein
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6
Q

Protein buffer system

A
  • Most abundant buffer in the ICF and blood plasma
  • Hemoglobin in RBCs
  • Albumin in blood plasma
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7
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarb buffer system

A

-The respiratory systems regulation of acid-base balance (physiological buffering system)

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8
Q

Phosphate buffer system

A
  • Located mostly in ICF

- binds to H+

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9
Q

The lungs can eliminate carbonic acid by eliminating what

A

CO2

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10
Q

What organ can rid the body of metabolic acids and prevent metabolic acidosis

A

the kidneys

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11
Q

In response to acidosis the kidneys

A
  • generate bicarb ions and add them to the blood

- An equal amount of hydrogen ions are added to the urine

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12
Q

Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

A
  • result from failure of the respirator system

- PCO2 is the single most important indicator of respiratory inadequacy

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13
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A
  • common result of hyperventilation (CO2 is to low)

- Clinical signs: headaches, restlessness, lethargy, coma, dysrhythmias, nausea, vomiting

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14
Q

Causes of metabolic acidosis

decreased bicarb and pH levels in blood

A
  • excessive alcohol intake
  • diarrhea
  • kidney dysfunction
  • accumulation of lactic acid
  • shock
  • ketosis in diabetic crisis
  • starvation
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15
Q

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

increased bicarb and pH levels in blood

A
  • vomiting of acid contents of the stomach
  • Intake of excess base (antacids)
  • constipation (excess bicarb is reabsorbed)
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16
Q

Respiratory compensation

A

-The respiratory system will attempt to correct metabolic acid-base imbalances

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17
Q

Renal compensation

A

-The kidneys will work to correct imbalances because of respiratory disease

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18
Q

Acidosis Manifestations

A
  • alterations in cardiac contractions
  • decreased vascular response to catecholamines (pt won’t respond to fight or flight situation)
  • decreased response to certain medications
  • can lead to loss of consciousness
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19
Q

Alkalosis Manifestations

A
  • impaired near function
  • impaired muscle function
  • tingling sensations, nervousness, muscle twitches
20
Q

PaCO2

A

-The amount of CO2 dissolved in arterial blood

35-45 Hg

21
Q

HCO3

A

-calculated value of bicarb
(22-26 mEq/L)
-Bicarb tells us what the kidneys are doing

22
Q

PO2

A

-amount of oxygen in the blood
-normal 80-100 RA
-prefer 90-100
-

23
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

-Clinical signs: headache, restlessness, confusion, dyspnea, respiratory distress, shallow respirations, tachycardia, dysrhythmias

24
Q

Clinical signs of metabolic acidosis

A

-headache, lethargy, nausea, anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea, coma, death

25
Q

Clinical signs of metabolic alkalosis

A

-dizziness, lethargy, coma, weakness, muscle twitching, cramps, tetany

26
Q

Respiratory control center

A

-Medulla oblongata and pons

27
Q

Magnesium (Mg+)

A

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

28
Q

Phosphate (PO4-)

A

2.4-4.4 mg/dL

29
Q

Calcium (Iodized)

A

4.6-5.3 mg/dL

30
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

31
Q

Calcium (Ca+)

A

8.6-10.2 mg/dL

32
Q

Bicarb (HCO3)

A

22-26 mEq/L

33
Q

Chloride (Cl-)

A

96-106 mEq/L

34
Q

Sodium (Na+)

A

135-145 mEq/L

35
Q

BUN

A

-To assist in assessing for renal function toward diagnosing disorders such as kidney failure and dehydration

36
Q

Creatinine

A

-To assess kidney function found in acute and chronic renal failure, related to drug reaction and/or disease

37
Q

Hematocrit

A
  • Often used to check anemia
  • Usually along with hemoglobin or in a CBC
  • May be used to screen for, diagnose, or monitor a number of conditions and diseases that affect the proportion of the blood made of RBCs.
  • Used to monitor response to tx of anemia or polycythemia, decisions about blood transfusions, evaluate dehydration
38
Q

Total protein

A
  • Frequently ordered as part of a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
  • Usually used for routine health checkups
  • Provides general info about nutritional status
  • Can be ordered along with other tests to provide info when someone has symptoms that suggest liver, kidney, bone marrow disorders, or to investigate the cause of abnormal pooling of fluid in tissue (edema)
39
Q

Albumin

A

-To screen for and help diagnose a liver disorder or kidney disease, sometimes to evaluate nutritional status, especially in hospitalized pts

40
Q

Active transport

A
  • A process in which molecules move against a concentration gradient
  • External energy is required for this process
41
Q

Diffusion

A

-the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

42
Q

Osmosis

A

-the movement of water “down” a concentration gradient, from a region of low solute concentration to one of high solute concentration, across a semipermeable membrane

43
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

-the higher the concentration the greater the osmotic pressure

44
Q

Osmolarity

A

-measures the concentration of molecules per volume of solution or total milliosmoles per liter of solution

45
Q

Osmolality

A

-measures the number of millosmoles per kg of water, or the concentration of molecules per weight of water

46
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

-the force within a fluid compartment

47
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

-the osmotic pressure caused by plasma colloids in the solution

Med Surg 1 (2 decks)

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