Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paige: Renal Module! > Fluid and electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What three fluid issues can you have?

A

volume overload

volume depletion

dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the MC cause of volume overload?

A

HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the MC cause of volume depletion?

A

vom/diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the MC cause of dehydration?

A

diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is HCO3 actually a measure of?

A

total venous CO2 volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which two lab results do we look at for renal function (glomerular filtration)?

A

Cr

BUN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Cr a breakdown product of?

A

muscle energy metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is BUN an end-product of?

A

protein metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which one gets secreted by the kidney, BUN or Cr?

A

BUN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What symptoms would a person be experiencing that you would want to order these labs? (one general word)

A

neuromuscular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality might cause weakness, delerium, and seizures?

A

hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality might cause arrhythmias, weakness, and cramping?

A

hypokalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality might cause weakness and diarrhea?

A

hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality might cause cramping, arrhythmias, and seizues?

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality might cause polyuria, constipation, and lethargy/confusion?

A

hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SO REVIEW.

Which three electrolyte issues cause muscle weakness?

A

high K, low K

low Na

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sooo which two electrolyte issues cause seizures?

A

low Na, low Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sooo which two electrolyte issues cause cramping?

A

low K, low Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Anddd which two electrolyte issues cause arrhythmias?

A

low K, low Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What MC causes hyponatremia, a water imbalance or a sodium imbalance?

What causes this?

A

water imbalance

from increased ADH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What gets secreted when there is an increased in the [Na]

( [] = concentration of )

A

ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of hyponatremia do you have if you have low Na with low ECF volume, and the total body Na/H20 is low?

A

hypovolemic hypotonic hypoNa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If you have hypovolemic hypotonic hypoNa, how will your body respond? Will it

a) excrete more water to maintain [Na]
b) increase ADH to maintain blood volume
c) decrease ADH to maintain [Na]
d) your body doesn’t respond because it can’t fix both at the same time

A

b - increases ADH to maintain blood volume, because this drive is greater than the drive to maintain [Na]

(this is the kind of bitch question we would get on the exam lol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you treat hypotonic hypovolemic hypoNa

A

isotonic fluids + KCL

or gatorade + KCL (mild)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of hypoNa is it is you have low Na, high ECF volume, and the total body Na/H20 is increased?

A

hypervolemic hypotonic hypoNa

(see next slide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

If a pt has low na, high ECF volume, and high body na/h20, then why is he hypotonic?

A

Because both body H20 and Na are high (so it’s high but kind of diluted), so it actually turns out to be that the Na is still low overall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do you tx hypervolemic hypotonic hypoNa?

A

tx underlying

restrict water

diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What kind of hypoNa do you have with low Na, low serum [Na], and increased urine [Na]?

A

euvolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

29
Q

Which type of hypoNa is caused by inappropriate ADH secretion from tumors, lesions, drugs, etc?

A

euvolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

30
Q

Which type of hypoNa is caused by diuretics or vomiting/diarrhea?

A

hypovolemic hypotonic hypoNa

31
Q

Which type of hypoNa is caused by edema-related disorders?

A

hypervolemic hypotonic hypoNa

32
Q

What is it called when psychological meds cause patients to take >10L/day of water?

A

psychogenic polydipsia

33
Q

What imbalance can happen to patients postop?

A

increased ADH secretion (from pain) –> hyponatremia

34
Q

What are the s/s of postop hyponatremia?

A

pt was most likely on hypotonic fluids

nausea, HA, seizures

35
Q

How do you treat postop hyponatremia?

A

pain control with isotonic fluids

36
Q

Which type of Na imbalance is seen in diabetics?

A

hypertonic hyponatremia

37
Q

What’s the cause/patho of this diabetic hypertonic hyponatremia?

A

a significant rise in hyperglycemia causes increased [glucose]

so H20 goes from cells into the ECF and causes a dilution of Na

38
Q

Why is hyponatremia common in HIV/Aids (patho)

A

combination of GI fluid, electrolyte loss, inappropriate ADH secretion

39
Q

what imbalance are you going to get if you’re stranded in a desert/lost at sea?

A

hypernatremia and concentrated urine

40
Q

What imbalance causes orthostatic hypotension, dehydration, and oliguria?

A

hypernatremia and concentrated urine

41
Q

If you have hypernatremia with concentrated urine, will ADH be high or low?

A

High

42
Q

What’s the treatment of someone who is lost in the desert?

A

replace volume, h20, electrolytes

43
Q

For someone who is dehydrated, you should replace water quickly or slowly?

Why?

A

SLOWLY over 48-72 hours.

to avoid cerebral edema

44
Q

what disease is associated with hypernatremia and diluted urine?

A

diabetes insipidus

45
Q

Which of the following is not a type of diabetes insipidus?

a) central
b) nephrogenic
c) congenital
d) peripheral

A

peripheral DI is not a thing.

46
Q

How is K regulated?

A

by cells and the kidneys

(Oral K in = renal K out)

47
Q

remember those symptoms of hypokalemia I told you about earlier?

Well handler changed his mind about the symptoms.

So this says s/s = weakness, cramps, fatigue, constipation.

A

school is awesome.

48
Q

What will you see on EKG for someone with hypokalemia?

(2 changes, 1 condition)

A

NSST-T changes*

U waves

PVCs

49
Q

How does one become hypokalemic?

A

vom/diarrhea

increased aldosterone +/or diuretics

50
Q

How do you treat hypokalemia?

A

mild: KCL oral
severe: KCL IV

dietary supplement

51
Q

What might coexist with mild hyperkalemia?

A

metabolic acidosis

(due to H/K exchange)

52
Q

What will a hyperkalemic EKG look like?

A

peaked T waves*

wide QRS

increased intervals

no p waves

53
Q

Whats the treatment of hyperkalemia?

A

infusion of glucose + insulin

54
Q

Why does glucose + insulin help with hyperkalemia?

A

insulin drives glucose into cells and K follows

55
Q

If you think someone has hyperkalemia, what should you assess?

A

renal function*

56
Q

What arrhythmia are people at risk for with K >7, and especially with K > 8.1?

A

vfib

57
Q

What’s the MC cause of hypocalcemia?

A

chronic renal failure

58
Q

what 2 signs will be + if a person has hypocalcemia?

A

trosseau’s sign

chvostek’s sign

59
Q

What will an EKG look like with hypocalcemia?

A

prolonged QT interval*

arrhythmias

60
Q

How do you treat a symptomatic patient with hypocalcemia?

A

IV Ca gluconate via bolus and infusion

61
Q

How do you treat an asx patient with hypocalcemia?

A

oral Ca and Vit D

62
Q

What are the MC causes of hypercalcemia?

A

hyperparathyroidism

malignancy

63
Q

What will you see on EKG in someone with hypercalcemia?

A

shortened QT interval

PVCs

64
Q

How do you treat hypercalcemia?

A

tx underlying

infuse 0.9% saline and IV furosemide

65
Q

What drug should you avoid in hypercalcemia?

A

thiazides!

66
Q

So other than postop hyponatremia, what imbalance is super common in hospitalized patients on IVF?

A

hypomagnesemia

67
Q

What imbalance does hypomagnesemia mimic?

A

hypocalcemia

68
Q

Can hypomagnesemia be associated with hypokalemia?

A

Yes and this is dangerous (increased risk of vfib)

69
Q

How do you treat hypomagnesemia?

A

IV or oral MgSO4

Paige: Renal Module! (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions