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Nursing > Fluid and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Na+<135mEq/L

Normal range: 135-145mEq/L

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2
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia

A

abdominal cramps

nausea

headache

altered mental status

muscle twitching, tremors, weakness

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3
Q

Cause of Hyponatremia

A

excessive sweating

loop diuretics

low salt diet

hyperglycemia

wound drainage

hyperlipidemia

kidney disease

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4
Q

Treatment for Hyponatremia

A

Monitor sodium

increase oral sodium intake

administer IV saline solutions

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5
Q

What is Hypernatremia?

A

Na+>145mEq/L

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6
Q

What causes hypernatremia?

A

water deficit

excess sodium intake with foods

medications (antiacids, IV solutions normal saline, antibiotics)

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7
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypernatremia

A

SALT

Skin is flushed

Agitation

Low grade fever

Thirst

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8
Q

Treatment for Hypernatremia

A

Oral fluids

IV fluids that do not contain sodium (dextrose)

Restrict sodium in diet

Increase water intake

Beware of hidden salt

Monitor I&O

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9
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

K+<3.5mEq/L

potassium deficit

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10
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypokalemia

A

Fatigue

Anorexia

Nausea

Vomitting

Muscle weakness

Decreased GI motility

Dysrhythmias

Paresthesia (tinglying)

Flat T wave on ECG

Increased sensitivity to digitalis

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11
Q

Causes of Hypokalemia

A

Diuretics

GI fluid loss through vomiiting, gastric suctioning and diarrhea

steroid administration

hyperaldosteronism

anorexia/bulimia

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12
Q

Treatment of Hypokalemia

A

Monitor I&O

Monitor pottasium levels

If pt it taking digoxin, monitor pulse and observe for toxicity

intake of foods with pottasium

potassium supplements

IV potassium must be dilute and into central vein slowly

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13
Q

What is Hyperkalemia?

A

K+>5.0mEq/l

normal is 3.5-5.0

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14
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia

A

muscle waekness

dysrhythmias

flaccid paralysis

intestinal collic

tall T-waves of ECG

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15
Q

Causes of Hyperkalemia

A

renal failure

potassium sparing diuretics

hypoaldosterone

high potassium intake couples with renal insufficiency

acidosis

major trauma

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16
Q

Treatment of Hyperkalemia

A

Monitor I&O

Monitor potassium levels

caution about potassium rich food intake win pt with elevated creatinine

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17
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

Ca<8.5mq/dL

normal 8.5-10.5

18
Q

Signs and Symptoms Hypocalcemia

A

Diarrhea

numbness and tingly of extremities

muscle cramps

tetany (stiff)

convulsions

laryngeal spasms

cardiac irritability

positive trousseau’s and chvostek’s tests

19
Q

Causes of Hypocalcemia

A

hypoparathyroidism

malabsorption of calcium

pancreitis

alkolosis

Vit. D deficiency

20
Q

Treatment of Hypocalcemia

A

Monitor I&O

Monitor calcium levels

encourgage icreased calcium intake

calcium supplements

if severe monitor patency of air way, institute seizure and administer saftey precautions and administer paraenteral calcium

21
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

Ca>10.5mq/dL

normal 8.5-10.5

22
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypercalcemia

A

muscle weakness

constipation

anorexia, nausea, vomitting

polyuria and polydipsia

kidney stones

bizarre behavior

bradycardia

23
Q

Causes of Hypercalcemia

A

hyperparathyroidism

malignant bone disease

prolonged immobalization

excessive calcium supplementation

thiazide diuretics

24
Q

Treatment of Hypercalcemia

A

monitor I&O

encourage fluid intake to prevent stone formation

encourage fiber to prevent constipation

eliminate calcium intake

avoid calcium based antacids

renal dialysis required

25
Q

What is hypomagnesemia

A

Mg<1.3mEq/L

normal 1.3-2.1

26
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia

A

neuromuscular irritability

disorientation

mood changes

dysrhthmias

increased sensitivity to digitalis

27
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A

chronic alcoholism

malabsorption of magnesium

diabetic ketoacidosis

prolonged gastric suction

28
Q

Treatment of hypomagnesemia

A

monitor I&O

encourage foods high in magnesium

avoid alcohol intake

if the client is taking digoxin, observe sign of toxicity

29
Q

What is hypermagnesemia?

A

Mg>2.1mEq/L

normal 1.3-2.1

30
Q

Signs and Symptoms Hypermagnesemia

A

flushing and warmth of skin

hypotension

drawsyness and lathargy

hypoactive reflexes

depressed respirations

bradycardia

31
Q

Causes of Hypermagnesemia

A

renal failure

adrenal insufficiency

excess replacement

32
Q

Treatment of Hypermagnesemia

A

monitor vital signs and airway

monitor reflexes

avoid magnesium based antacids and laxatives

restrict foods high in Mg

33
Q

What is hypophosphatemia

A

PO<1.7mEq/L

normal 1.7-2.6

34
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia

A

Paresthesia (tingling)

joint stiffness

seizures

cardiomyopathy

impaired tissue oxygenation

35
Q

Causes of Hypophosphatemia

A

refeeding after startvation

alcohol withdrawl

diabetic ketoacidosis

respiratory acidosis

36
Q

Treatment of Hypophosphatemia

A

monitor phosphorus levels

monitor calcium levels as phosphate is replaced

start TPN (total perentrial nutrition) slowly to avoid drops in phosphate

37
Q

What is Hyperphosphatemia?

A

PO>1.7-2.6mEq/L

normal 1.7-2.6

38
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia

A

short term; tetany symptoms-tinglying of extremities and cramping

long term; calcification of soft tissue

39
Q

Causes of Hyperphosphatemia

A

renal failure

hyperthyroidism

chemotherapy

excessive used of phosphate laxitive

40
Q

Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia

A

monitor phosphate levels

monitor for tetany

if severe, administer aluminum hydroxide with meals to bind to phosphorus.

41
Q
A

Nursing (6 decks)

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