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Nursing Fall 2014 > Fluid and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypernatremia

A

145 mEq/L=mmol/L or greater

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2
Q

2/3 Fluid

A

ICF

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3
Q

1/3 Fluid

A

ECF

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4
Q

1 L of water=

A

=2.2 lbs of water

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5
Q

Electrolytes in ECF

A

Na+
Cl-
Ca+
HCO3-

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6
Q

Electrolytes in ICF

A

K+, PO4-, Mg+

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7
Q

Na:K::Ca:??

A

PO4 (Phosphorus)

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8
Q

Solutes move

A

Diffusion

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9
Q

Carrier Molecule

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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10
Q

Requires protein (ATP) to transport

A

Active Transport

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11
Q

Normal plasma osmolality

A

275-295 mOsm/kg

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12
Q

Water excess osmolality

A

< 275 mOsm/kg

Dilute

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13
Q

Water deficit osmolality

A

> 295 mOsm/kg

Dehydrated

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14
Q

Measures the weight of a substance compared with an equal part of water

A

Urine specific gravity

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15
Q

Normal urine specific gravity

A

1.010-1.020

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16
Q

Urine specific gravity in mOsm/kg

A

300 mOsm/kg

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17
Q

Solution when no net water movement occurs; ICF and ECF net no movement.

A

Isotonic solution

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18
Q

Water moves out of the cells causing cells to shrink or possibly die.

A

Hypertonic

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19
Q

Water moves into the cell, causing the cells to swell or burst due to osmosis

A

Hypotonic

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20
Q

Examples of Isotonic Fluids

A
  1. Normal Saline - 0.9% Sodium Chloride

2. Lactated Ringers (LR)

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21
Q

Examples of Hypotonic Fluids

A
  1. 1/2NS - 0.45% Sodium Chloride

2. D5W?

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22
Q

Examples of Hypertonic Fluids

A
  1. Dextrose 5% in 1/2NS
  2. Dextrose 5% in NS
  3. Dextrose 5% in LR
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23
Q

is the osmotic pressure caused by plasma colloids in solution

A

oncotic pressure

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24
Q

is the osmotic pressure caused by plasma colloids in solution

A

oncotic pressure

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25
Q

Describe the abnormal fluid shift: elevation of venous hydrostatic pressure

A

Increasing the pressure at the venous end of the capillary inhibits fluid movement back into the capillary, which results in edema.
Caused by: fluid overload, heart failure, liver failure, obstruction of venous return to the heart and venous insufficiency.

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26
Q

Describe the abnormal fluid shift: Decrease in Plasma Oncotic Pressure

A

Fluid remains in the interstitial space if the plasma oncotic pressure is too low to draw fluid back into the capillary. Low plasma protein content decreases oncotic pressure. This can result from excessive protein loss, deficient protein synthesis, and deficient protein intake.

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27
Q

Describe the abnormal fluid shift: Elevation of Interstitial Oncotic Pressure

A

Trauma, burns, and inflammation can damage capillary walls and allow plasma proteins to accumulate in the interstitial space. This increases interstitial oncotic pressure, draws fluid into the interstitial space, and holds it there.

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28
Q

A term used to describe the distribution of body water.

A

Fluid spacing

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29
Q

Describes the normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF compartments.

A

First spacing

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30
Q

occurs when fluid accumulates in a portion of the body from which it is not easily exchanged with the rest of the ECF; it’s trapped and unavailable for functional use

EX: Ascites, sequestration, fluid in abdominal cavity, edema associated with burns, trauma, or sepsis.

A

Third spacing

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31
Q

occurs when fluid accumulates in a portion of the body from which it is not easily exchanged with the rest of the ECF; it’s trapped and unavailable for functional use

EX: Ascites, sequestration, fluid in abdominal cavity, edema associated with burns, trauma, or sepsis.

A

Third spacing

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32
Q

Hormone for sodium retention and K excretion; from adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone

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33
Q

Hormone from Hypothalmus/Pituitary that tells kidneys to reabsorb water

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

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34
Q

Hormone that acts on/from kidneys that stimulates release of aldosterone

A

Renin

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35
Q

Hormones made by the heart and suppress secretion of aldosterone, and ADH. Promote excretion of Sodium and water, resulting in decrease in blood volume and blood pressure.

A

ANP and BNP

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36
Q

Normal water intake and ouput

A

2000-3000mL

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37
Q

Describe osmotic diuretics

A

-Mannitol/Resectisol Osmitrol

Used to decrease brain cell swelling and used in acute renal failure (since hanging on to fluids)

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38
Q

Describe Loop Diuretics

A

Examples: Lasix/Furosemide

Very effective. You’ll lose K (Digoxin Toxicity).

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39
Q

Describe Thiazide Diuretics

A
  • hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)
  • Taken PO, not IV
  • Cheap, usually for HTN
  • Reduces BP
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40
Q

Describe Potassium Sparing diuretics

A

Spironolactone/Aldactone

-Used in edema, HTN, Ascites, HF, Instruct to limit foods high in K

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41
Q

Describe Potassium Sparing diuretics

A

Spironolactone/Aldactone

-Used in edema, HTN, Ascites, HF, Instruct to limit foods high in K

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42
Q

Describe gerontological considerations with fluids.

A
  • Decreased Rennin and aldosterone
  • Increased ADH and ANP
  • Increased loss of moisture through the skin
  • Thirst center is less effective
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43
Q

Children and Elderly susceptible to fluid and electrolyte imbalances… why?

A
  • Inability to obtain fluid without help
  • Inability to express feelings of thirst
  • Inaccurate assessment of output (diapers)
  • loss of fluid through perspiration (fever)
  • Loss of fluid through diarrhea and vomiting
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44
Q

Define dehydration

A
  • Serum osmolality and sodium concentration increasees

- refers to loss of pure water alone without loss of Na

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45
Q

Causes of Dehydration

A
  1. Decreased intake of H2O
  2. Osmotic diuresis ( uncontrolled DM)
  3. Diabetes Insipidus (lowers ADH)
  4. Over-use of diuretics
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46
Q

dehydration - what to look for?

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Changes in mental status (ALOC)
  • Seizures
  • Coma
  • Dizziness
  • Weakness
  • Wt loss
  • Extreme thirst
  • Fever
  • Dry skin and mucous membranes
  • Poor turgor (tenting)
  • Urine output decreased
  • Concentrated urine
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47
Q

Dehydration Lab Values

A
  • Elevated Hematocrit (HCT)
  • Elevated serum osmolality (above 300 mOsm/kg)
  • Elevated serum sodium level (above 145 mEq/L)
  • Urine specific gravity above 1.030
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48
Q

Dehydration Lab Values

A
  • Elevated Hematocrit (HCT)
  • Elevated serum osmolality (above 300 mOsm/kg)
  • Elevated serum sodium level (above 145 mEq/L)
  • Urine specific gravity above 1.030
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49
Q

How to treat dehydration?

A

REPLACE FLUIDS

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50
Q

Causes of hypovolemia

A
  • GI Losses (NV, diarrhea, suction, fistula drainage)
  • Hemorrhage
  • Third Spacing
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51
Q

Hypovolemia: What to look for when blood loss is minimal? (25%)

A
  • Increasing confusion, restlessness and anxiety to unconsciousness
  • Weak to absent peripheral pulses
  • Flat jugular veins
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Extreme thirst
  • Urine output <10ml
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52
Q

Hypovolemia: What to look for when blood loss is minimal? (25%)

A
  • Increasing confusion, restlessness and anxiety to unconsciousness
  • Weak to absent peripheral pulses
  • Flat jugular veins
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Extreme thirst
  • Urine output <10ml
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53
Q

Hypovolemia: What to look for when blood loss is minimal? (40% or more)

A

Hypovolemic SHOCK occurs

  • Hypotension
  • Tachycardia
  • Weak or absent peripheral
  • Cool, mottled skin
  • Cyanosis
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54
Q

Hypovolemia: Lab Values

A
  • Normal or high sodium values (>145)
  • Decreased Hgb and HCT levels (due to blood loss)
  • Elevated BUN and Creatinine
  • Increased urine specific gravity
  • Increased serum osmolality
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55
Q

How to treat Hypovolemia?

A

Replace w/Isotonic Fluids

56
Q

Define hypervolemia

A

Excess of isotonic fluid in the EC compartment

57
Q

Causes of Hypervolemia

A
  • Heart Failure
  • Renal failure
  • Increased oral Na intake
  • Increased cortisol secretion (cushing’s syndrome)
  • Long term use of corticosteroids
58
Q

Causes of Hypervolemia

A
  • Heart Failure
  • Renal failure
  • Increased oral Na intake
  • Increased cortisol secretion (cushing’s syndrome)
  • Long term use of corticosteroids
59
Q

Hypervolemia what to look for?

A

 SOB

  • Tachypnic
  • Pink frothy sputum
  • Cough
  • Crackles
  • Tachycardia
  • Increased BP (HTN)
  • Rapid and bounding pulse
  • Edema
  • Weight gain
  • S3 gallop
  • JVD
60
Q

Hypervolemia Lab Values

A
  • Low HCT
  • Normal serum sodium
  • Low serum potassium and BUN
  • Decreased serum osmolality
  • -Low oxygen level PaO2
61
Q

Causes of water intoxication

A
  • Increased ADH secretion
  • Excessive H2O intake
  • Continuous hypo-osmolar IV fluids (1/2 NS, D5W)
  • Altered thirst mechanism
62
Q

Causes of water intoxication

A
  • Increased ADH secretion
  • Excessive H2O intake
  • Continuous hypo-osmolar IV fluids (1/2 NS, D5W)
  • Altered thirst mechanism
63
Q

Water Intoxication: What to Look for?

A 
Dyspnea
Pupillary changes
Bradycardia
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
Headache
Personality changes
ALOC
Confusion
Low sodium levels
Irritability
Lethargy 
Nausea
Cramping
Muscle weakness
Twitching
Thirst
64
Q

Water Intoxication: Lab Values

A

-Low sodium (,<280 mOsm/kg)

65
Q

How to manage volume imbalances?

A 
I & O
Monitor VS
Monitor Neurological function
Daily Weights
Fluid restriction
Assess skin and manage edema
66
Q

How to manage volume imbalances?

A 
I & O
Monitor VS
Monitor Neurological function
Daily Weights
Fluid restriction
Assess skin and manage edema
67
Q

Normal Na levels

A

135-145 mEq/L

68
Q

Normal K levels (Potassium)

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

69
Q

Normal Cl- levels

A

95-108 Meq/L

70
Q

Normal Ca levels

A

9-11 mg/dL

71
Q

Normal Mg levels

A

1.8-2.3 mg/dL

72
Q

Normal PO4 levels

A

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

73
Q

Normal HCO3 levels

A

22-26 mEq/L

74
Q

Sodium is greaterouts ___ the cell and tends to move passively ___ the cell
Potassium is greater ___ the cell and tends to move passively ___ of the cell.
In order to keep normal levels: the pump works to keep potassium IN and sodium OUT of the cell by means of active transport.

A

outside; into; inside; out

75
Q

Causes of Hyponatremia

A

<135 mEq/L

Sodium loss: renal (salt wasting nephropathy) or non-renal (hypo-osmolar IV therapy)
Water gain
Inadequate sodium intake
SIADH

76
Q

Hyponatremia Lab Values

A

20mEq/L in patients with SIADH (Holding on to H2O due to SIADH)
-Decreased HCT and plasma proteins (if caused by H2O excess or SIADH)

77
Q

Medications that cause Hyponatremia

A 
<135 mEq/L
Anticoagulants: heparin
Anticonvulsants: dilantin, acetazolum
Antidiabetics: chlorpropamide
Antipsychotics: Thorazine
Diuretics: thiazide, loop
Sedatives: barbituates, morphine
78
Q

Hyponatremia: What to look for?

A 
<135 mEq/L
Shortened attention span
Lethargy
Confusion
Disorientation
Muscle weakness
Irritability
Headache
Weakness (lowered excitability of nerves)
Vomiting/Diarrhea - may be cause
79
Q

Hyponatremia: How is it treated?

A

<135 mEq/L
Correct the cause
Fluid restriction
Sodium supplements
Isotonic fluids (if caused by Hypovolemia)
Diuretics (if caused by SIADH)
Underlying cause of SIADH must be treated

80
Q

Hyponatremia Nursing Considerations

A 
<135 mEq/L
24-hour I&O
√ Urine specific gravity 
√ Bounding pulses
√ BP and respiratory changes
√ Changes in sensorium signs of cerebral  edema
√ Check and compare daily weights
√ Pitting edema with fluid excess
81
Q

Causes of Hypernatremia

A

> 145 mEq/L
Water deprivation, hypertonic tube feedings, greatly increases insensible fluid loss, watery diarrhea, excessive parenterial administration of 3% NS, Bicarbonate, diabetes insipidus, drowning in salt water

82
Q

Hypernatremia Lab Values?

A

Serum sodium levels: >145 mEq/L
>145 mEq/L
Urine specific gravity: >1.030
- If hypernatremia with normal or increased ECF volume
-Ingestion of Na, or hypertonic IV or tube feedings
Urine specific gravity 300 mOsm/kg

83
Q

Hypernatremia - what to look for?

A 
>145 mEq/L
ALOC
Restlessness
Agitation
Coma
Lethargy
Confusion
Stupor
Increased thirst
Dry mucous membranes
Twitching
Flushed Skin
84
Q

Hypernatremia - how is it treated?

A 
>145 mEq/L
Underlying disorder is corrected
Restrict dietary sodium
IV of D5W or ½ NS
Hypotonic fluid replacement should be carefully done so it does not cause cerebral edema
85
Q

Hypernatremia Nursing Consderations

A 
>145 mEq/L
24-hour I&O
√ Urine specific gravity
√ Thready pulses & flat neck veins
√ Tachycardia & tachypnea
√ Changes in sensorium
√ Check and compare daily weights
√ Skin turgor & mucous membranes
86
Q

Hypokalemia

A 
<3.5 mEq/L
Increased losses:
-GI: vomiting, NGT suctioning
-Diarrhea, fistula, ileostomy
Excessive urinary loss:
-Hyperaldosterone states,
-Thiazide and Loop diuretics, 
Inadequate intake
-Anorexia, IV (K free)
Intracellular shift
Alkalosis:   0.1 ↑ pH = ↓ K 0.4mEq/L
-Insulin
87
Q

Hypokalemia

A

<3.5 mEq/L

88
Q

Hypokalemia - what to look for?

A 
<3.5 mEq/L
Cardiac arrhythmias
Cardiac arrest
Digoxin toxicity
Paralytic ileus
Respiratory arrest
Paralysis (rare)
Weakness
Parathesia
Leg cramps
Reflexes decreased 
Hyperglycemia
Polyuria
Low BP
89
Q

Hypokalemia - How is it treated?

A 
<3.5 mEq/L
Correct  the cause
Restore normal K levels
IV with 20-40 mEq/L per liter
Increase dietary intake
90
Q

Hypokalemia - how is it treated?

A 
<3.5 mEq/L
Correct  the cause
-Restore normal K levels
--IV with 20-40 mEq/L per liter
-K+ supplements
Increase dietary intake
-chocolate, dried fruit, nuts and seeds
-oranges bananas, apricots
-potatoes, mushrooms, celery, tomatoes
91
Q

Causes Hyperkalemia?

A 
>5.0 mEq/L
Renal impairment  
IV K+ infusions  
Meds: K+ sparing diuretics & ACE inhibitors
excessive K+ oral intake
Burns 
Hypoaldosterone states,
Acidosis
Crushing Injuries
92
Q

Hyperkalemia Lab Values?

A

> 5.0 mEq/L

  • Serum potassium >5 mEq/L
  • Decreased arterial pH
  • EKG abnormalities
93
Q

Hyperkalemia What to look for?

A 
>5.0 mEq/L
Irregular pulse
Decreased HR
Decreased CO
Hypotension
Cardiac arrest
-VT
-VF
Tall tented t wave
Flattened p wave
Prolonged pr interval
Parathesia
Abdominal cramping
Diarrhea
94
Q

How to treat severe hyperkalemia?

A 
> 6 mEq/L
Insulin and glucose
Renal failure = hemodialysis
-Kayexelate (cation exchange)
--As the med sits in the intestine Na moves across the bowel into the blood acausing K to move out of the blood into the intestine = loose stools remove K from the body
-Calcium gluconate 
--Counteracts myocardial effects
-Bicarbonate
95
Q

How to treat severe hyperkalemia?

A 
> 6 mEq/L
Insulin and glucose
Renal failure = hemodialysis
-Kayexelate (cation exchange)
--As the med sits in the intestine Na moves across the bowel into the blood acausing K to move out of the blood into the intestine = loose stools remove K from the body
-Calcium gluconate 
--Counteracts myocardial effects
-Bicarbonate
96
Q

Nursing Considerations Hyperkalemia?

A
  • Assess dietary potassium intake
  • Monitor renal function
  • Teach patient use of ACE inhibitors & K-sparing diuretics cause ↑ in K level
  • Teach pt to limit K containing foods
  • Continuous cardiac monitoring during EKG changes
97
Q

Functions Magneium?

A
  • Neuromuscular transmission
  • Cardiac contraction
  • Activation of enzymes for cellular metabolism
98
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

Mg <1.8 mg/dL

99
Q

Hypomagnesemia Causes

A 
Mg <1.8 mg/dL
increased excretion
NG suctioning, diarrhea, fistula
Prolonged Diuretic therapy
-Mg loss through kidneys
osmotic dieresis (DM)
-Same as above
Increased calcium intake
-Promotes mg loss in feces
Decreased intake
ETOH-mg loss through gi tract
malnutrition
100
Q

Hypomagnesia Lab Values

A

<1.8 mg/dl
Other e- abnormalities: low Ca, K
-low mg – less PTh secreted
- up renin – up Na, down K

101
Q

Hypomagnesia - what to look for?

A 
<1.8 mg/dL
Irregular heart rate
Tremors
Twitching
Tetany
Hyperactive DTR
Flat or inverted T waves
102
Q

mild Hypomagnesia - How is it treated?

A

<1.8 mg/dL
dietary changes may be enough:
–Nuts, seafood, chocolate, dry beans, green leafy veggies, meats, seafood, whole grains

103
Q

Severe hypomagnesia - how is it treated?

A

<1.8 mg/dL
May need IV bolus Mg

Magnesium sulfate

Assess renal function first!

104
Q

Hypermagnesia

A

> 2.3 mEq/L

105
Q

Hypermagnesia Lab Values

A

> 2.3 mEq/L serum

EKG changes: prolonged PR interal, widened QRS complexes, tall T waves

106
Q

Hypermagnesiia What to look for?

A 
>2.3 mEq/L serum
Too much can have sedative effect on the neuromuscular system, causing:
*Lethargy/ drowsiness
*Slow, shallow, depressed respirations
flushed 
 N/V
Weak pulse
Bradycardia
Decreased BP
Cardiac arrest
Decreased muscle and nerve activity
Hypoactive DTR’s
Generalized weakness
107
Q

Hypermagnesia Nursing Considerations

A 
>2.3 mEq/L
Assess neurologic status & reflexes
Assess & report absence of DTR’s
Assess skin for flushing & diaphoresis
Provide continuous cardiac monitoring
108
Q

Calcium levels

A

9-11 mg/dL

109
Q

Calcium Functions

A

9-11mg/dL
Major cation for the structure of bone & teeth
1% contained in ECF
Co-enzyme factor in clotting & hormone secretion
Maintains plasma membrane stability & permeability, especially of the cardiac cell nerve receptors
Aids in transmission of nerve impulses & muscle contraction

110
Q

How does body regulate calcium?

A

9-11 mg/dL
PTH
Calcitonin

111
Q

PTH and Ca

A

9-11mg/dL
PTH is released which pulls Ca from bone into serum.
PTH signals kidneys to reabsorb Ca.
Parathyroid

112
Q

Calcitonin and Ca

A

9-11mg/dL
From thyroid
Acts as antagonist to PTH to inhibit bone reabsorption

113
Q

Hypocalcemia Causes

A 
<9 mg/dL
Causes
Renal failure
↓ dietary intake of Ca and vit D
 Hypoparathyroidism (↓PTH)
Neck surgeries
↑ serum Phosphate
Blood transfusions – citrate used to anticoagulant blood binds to ca
alkalosis 
mg deficiency – inhibits PTH
114
Q

Hypocalcemia Lab Values

A

Serum Ca < 9 mg/dl
low mg+ levels
Characteristic EKG changes: Prolonged QT - Ventricular Tachycardia

115
Q

Hypocalcemia Cardiac

A

prolonged ST segment and QT interval,

decreased myocaridal contractility-> ↓ CO and BP

116
Q

Hypocalcemia Neuromuscular

A

<9 mg/dL
Anxiety confusion, irritability progressing to seizures
Paresthesia, - extremities and around the mouth
twitching, cramps,
tetany, tremors
laryngeal stridor or dysphasia
+ Chvostek and/or Trousseau signs

117
Q

Hypocalcemia Nursing Considerations

A 
<9 mg/dL
Monitor serum Ca levels q4-6 h
\+ Chvostek and/or Trousseau signs
Assess for IV infiltration – can cause tissue necrosis  
--central line administration preferred 
Monitor cardiac rhythm & EKG changes
Assess for low BP
Avoid rapid IV push  = rapid drop in BP, + arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest
118
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

> 11 mg/dL

119
Q

Hypercalcemia Causes

A

> 11 mg/dL
Hyperparathyroidism
–Increased PTH excretion, kidney & intestinal reabsorption
Cancer
Bone destruction (malignant cells) cause hormone release similar to PTH
Hypercalcemia associated with malignancy: 1 year survival rate is 10-30%
Thiazide diuretics
Steroids
Prolonged immobilization
Decreased serum phosphorus

120
Q

Hypercalcemia What to Look for?

A 
> 11 mg/dL
Shortened QT segments
Depressed T waves
Bradycardia->Heart block
Dig Toxicity
Vent arrhythmias
Fatigue
Weakness
Lethargy
Anorexia
Nausea 
kidney stones
bone pain / fractures (disuse osteoporosis or PTH increase)
121
Q

Hypercalcemia: How is it treated?

A 
>11 mEq/dL
Promote renal excretion 
Loop diuretics along with IV NS
Calcitonin
Pamidronate (Aredia) if caused by malignancy
122
Q

Nursing Considerations Hypercalcemia

A

Increase oral intake to 3L
Assess for altered gait & weakness
Monitor for arrhythmias
Teach patient to avoid Ca rich foods

123
Q

Phosphate levels

A

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

124
Q

Phosphate Functions

A 
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Metabolism of protein, carbs, & fats
Acid-base buffering
Helps with production of ATP
Needed for bone and teeth formation
Proper function of red blood cells
125
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

<2.5 mg/dL

126
Q

Hypophosphatemia Causes

A 
<2.5 mg/dL
Malnutrition/ malabsorption syndromes
ETOH ism
TPN
Hyperparathyoidism
DKA
Vomiting/ diarrhea
Aluminum containing antacids
127
Q

Hypophosphatemia Lab values

A
  • -Serum phos < 2.5g mg/dl

- -Abnormal electrolytes (decreased Mg & increased Ca)

128
Q

Hypophosphatemia What to Look for?

A 
<2.5 mg/dL
Confusion
coma
respiratory weakness
muscle weakness
cardiac dysrhythmias
tissue hypoxia
129
Q

Hypophosphatemia - How is it treated?

A 
<2.5 mg/dL
Dietary changes
Eggs, nuts, whole grains, organ meats, fish, poultry, & milk products
oral supplements-Neutra phos
IV supplement- Na or K phos
130
Q

Hypophosphatemia Nursing considerations

A

<2.5 mg/dL
Monitor Phos, & Ca levels
↑Urine output
Watch for neurological changes and muscle weakness
Discourage client in taking antacids with Aluminum
Instruct client to eat foods high in phos

131
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

> 4.5 mg/dL

132
Q

Hyperphosphatemia Causes

A 
>4.5 mg/dL
Renal failure
Chemo
Enemas containing phos
Excessive ingestion of milk phosphate containing laxatives
hypoparathyroidism
133
Q

Hyperphosphatemia Lab values

A

> 4.5 mg/dL

  • Serum phos > 4.5 mg/dl
  • Abnormal electrolytes (decreased Ca)
134
Q

Hyperphosphatemia What to look for?

A

> 4.5 mg/dL

Due to the inverse relationship of Calcium & phosphorus s/s would mimic hypocalcaemia
-Paresthesia 
-s/s of hypocalcaemia
o	Chvostek
o	Trousseau
135
Q

Hyperphosphatemia How is it treated?

A

> 4.5 mg/dL

Reduce dietary phosphorus
Eliminate use of phosphorous based laxatives
Phosphorus binding medications
Calcium gluconate 
IV saline to induce renal excretion

Nursing Fall 2014 (5 decks)

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