Fluid And Electrolytes Flashcards
What are the primary ECF ions?
There are two
Sodium and Chloride
What are the primary ICF ions?
There are two. P&P
Potassium and Phosphate?
What are the ways of movement for facilitation?
There are four; eight advanced
Diffusion (Passive and Facilitated), Active Transport, Osmotic, Pressure (Hydrostatic and Oncotic)
(T/F) The cell swells during hypotonic ECF
True
Think opposite; hypotonic causes swelling, hyper causes shrinking
(T/F) The cell swells for hypertonic ECF?
False, the cell shrinks
Think opposite, hypertonic causes shrinking and hypo causes swelling
What is Hydrostatic Pressure? What is an example
PUSHES force of fluid against cell wall. Ex: Blood pressure
What is oncotic pressure?
PULL force of proteins, attracting water from one space to another
(T/F) The first spacing is normal ICF and ECF
True
What and where is second spacing? Give an example of what second spacing would look like.
Abnormal increase located in INTERSTITIAL FLUID. Example: edema
What and where is third spacing? Give an example.
Excess fluid in NON-FUNCTION spaces around CELLS. Example is ascites and edema from burns.
(T/F) It is easy to move third spacing fluid back to ICF or plasma
False, fluid is trapped and difficult to move back to ICF or plasma.
What are the three processes that help keep water and electrolyte balance?
There are four
Intake and Absorption
Distribution
Output
(T/F) The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water excretion only
True, the ADH encourages kidneys to hold onto water
(T/F) The RAAS system (Renin-Angiotensin-ALDOSTERONE-System) regulates water and sodium.
True, Aldosterone encourages kidneys to hold onto water and sodium
What is the difference between dehydration and hypovolemia?
Hint: What cation moves with water?
Dehydration is loss of water alone while hypovolemia is loss of water and sodium
What causes hypovolemia?
There are four causes
Abnormal loss, Inadequate intake, Shift from plasma to interstitial fluid, Third Spacing
What are interventions for hypovolemia?
There are two
Replace water and electrolytes with options like isotonic fluids and blood transfusions.
(T/F) 1kg of weight equals 1 liter of fluid retention
True, this is why it’s important to do daily weights for patients with fluid imbalances.
What is the lab value for Hct?
37-52%
What is the lab value for BUN?
10-20mg/dL
What is the lab value for Urine Specific Gravity:
1.010-1.025
What is the normal range for sodium?
136-145 mEq/L
(T/F) Water follows sodium
True, this is why sodium imbalances are closely related to water imbalances
What are the causes for hypernatremia?
There are two
Low water intake, excess water loss
What are some symptoms associated with hypernatremia?
FRIED and SALTED acronyms
Fever (low grade)
Restlessness and agitation
Increased fluid retention
Edema (peripheral and pitting)
Dry mouth
Skin flushed
Altered LOC and confusion
Low urinary output
Thirst
Elevated Blood pressure
Decreased energy
What is the management for hypernatremia?
There are five things to manage it
Think what you want to do to manage excess sodium
Water deficit (replace isotonic fluids)
Sodium excess: replace with sodium free fluids
Sodium restrictions
Monitor lab levels
Safety (seizure precautions)
What causes hyponatremia?
There are two causes
Loss of sodium-rich fluids (ex: wounds, diarrhea, vomiting), and water excess
What are symptoms of hypocalcemia?
Acronyms: SALT LOSS
Stupor/coma
Anorexia
Lethargy
Tendon reflexes go down
Limp muscles
Orthostatic Hypotension
Seizures
Stomach Cramping
What is management for hyponatremia?
There are five
Isotonic or sodium containing fluids
PO intake
Water excess: restrict fluids
Monitor labs
Monitor I&Os
What is the range for hyponatremia?
Less than (<) 136
What is the range for hypernatremia?
More than (>) 145
What is the normal range for potassium?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L