Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adult Health Exam 1 > Fluid And Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid And Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary ECF ions?

There are two

A

Sodium and Chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the primary ICF ions?

There are two. P&P

A

Potassium and Phosphate?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the ways of movement for facilitation?

There are four; eight advanced

A

Diffusion (Passive and Facilitated), Active Transport, Osmotic, Pressure (Hydrostatic and Oncotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(T/F) The cell swells during hypotonic ECF

A

True

Think opposite; hypotonic causes swelling, hyper causes shrinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(T/F) The cell swells for hypertonic ECF?

A

False, the cell shrinks

Think opposite, hypertonic causes shrinking and hypo causes swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Hydrostatic Pressure? What is an example

A

PUSHES force of fluid against cell wall. Ex: Blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

PULL force of proteins, attracting water from one space to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(T/F) The first spacing is normal ICF and ECF

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What and where is second spacing? Give an example of what second spacing would look like.

A

Abnormal increase located in INTERSTITIAL FLUID. Example: edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What and where is third spacing? Give an example.

A

Excess fluid in NON-FUNCTION spaces around CELLS. Example is ascites and edema from burns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(T/F) It is easy to move third spacing fluid back to ICF or plasma

A

False, fluid is trapped and difficult to move back to ICF or plasma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three processes that help keep water and electrolyte balance?

There are four

A

Intake and Absorption
Distribution
Output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(T/F) The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water excretion only

A

True, the ADH encourages kidneys to hold onto water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(T/F) The RAAS system (Renin-Angiotensin-ALDOSTERONE-System) regulates water and sodium.

A

True, Aldosterone encourages kidneys to hold onto water and sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between dehydration and hypovolemia?

Hint: What cation moves with water?

A

Dehydration is loss of water alone while hypovolemia is loss of water and sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes hypovolemia?

There are four causes

A

Abnormal loss, Inadequate intake, Shift from plasma to interstitial fluid, Third Spacing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are interventions for hypovolemia?

There are two

A

Replace water and electrolytes with options like isotonic fluids and blood transfusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(T/F) 1kg of weight equals 1 liter of fluid retention

A

True, this is why it’s important to do daily weights for patients with fluid imbalances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the lab value for Hct?

A

37-52%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the lab value for BUN?

A

10-20mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the lab value for Urine Specific Gravity:

A

1.010-1.025

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the normal range for sodium?

A

136-145 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

(T/F) Water follows sodium

A

True, this is why sodium imbalances are closely related to water imbalances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the causes for hypernatremia?

There are two

A

Low water intake, excess water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some symptoms associated with hypernatremia?

FRIED and SALTED acronyms

A

Fever (low grade)
Restlessness and agitation
Increased fluid retention
Edema (peripheral and pitting)
Dry mouth

Skin flushed
Altered LOC and confusion
Low urinary output
Thirst
Elevated Blood pressure
Decreased energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the management for hypernatremia?

There are five things to manage it

Think what you want to do to manage excess sodium

A

Water deficit (replace isotonic fluids)
Sodium excess: replace with sodium free fluids
Sodium restrictions
Monitor lab levels
Safety (seizure precautions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What causes hyponatremia?

There are two causes

A

Loss of sodium-rich fluids (ex: wounds, diarrhea, vomiting), and water excess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Acronyms: SALT LOSS

A

Stupor/coma
Anorexia
Lethargy
Tendon reflexes go down

Limp muscles
Orthostatic Hypotension
Seizures
Stomach Cramping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is management for hyponatremia?

There are five

A

Isotonic or sodium containing fluids
PO intake
Water excess: restrict fluids
Monitor labs
Monitor I&Os

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the range for hyponatremia?

A

Less than (<) 136

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the range for hypernatremia?

A

More than (>) 145

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the normal range for potassium?

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function for potassium?

There are two

A

Neuromusclar and cardiac

34
Q

(T/F) Potassium is inversely related to sodium regulation

A

True; When sodium goes up, potassium goes down and vice-versa.

35
Q

What is the range for hyperkalemia?

A

More than (>) 5.0

If the range is 3.5-5.0, then anything above it is hyper.

36
Q

What are the causes for hyperkalemia?

There are four

A

Impaired ouput (ex: kidney failure)
Increased intake
Shift from ICF to ECF
Certain medications (ex: Digoxin, Propranolol, Hydrocholride)

37
Q

What are the clinical manifestations for hyperkalemia?

There are eight

A

Cell excitability
Electrocardiac changes
Dysrhythmia
Muscle cramps; tetany numbness/tingling
Diarrhea, cramping, vomiting

38
Q

What are managements for hyperkalemia?

There are five

A

Stop potassium intake
Increase potassium excretion (ex: diuretics)
Calcium gluconate–reverses effects on cardiac
Cardiac monitoring
Labs: CMP

Bold is what might be on a case-study like question (my suspcions alone)

39
Q

What is the range for hypokalemia?

A

Less than(<) 3.6

Range for potassium is 3.6-5.0

40
Q

What are causes for hypokalemia?

There are three

A

Potassium loss (GI, Renal, low Magnesium)
Decreased intake
Shift from ECF to ICF

41
Q

What are clinical manifestations for hypokalemia?

There are five

A

Impaired muscle contractions
Electrocardiac changes
Dysrhythmias
Weakness
Parethesias (numbness/tingling)

42
Q

What are managements for hypokalemia?

There are four

A

PO/IV potassium chloride (KC1)
Potassium rich foods
Cardiac monitoring
Monitor labs (CMP)

Safety: Never crush or give KCL pills and IV push respectively. If given IV, slow push with monitoring

43
Q

What does diuretics do to sodium and water?

A

Reduces sodium and water reabsorption; water and sodium loss.

44
Q

What is the normal range for calcium?

A

9.0-10.5 mg/dL

45
Q

What does calcium contribute to?

A

BONES, muscle contraction (including the heart)

46
Q

What controls calcium regulation?

There are two

A

The parathyroid horomone (PTH) and Calcitonin

So if you lose your thyroid your calcium can go out of wack.

47
Q

(T/F) The Thyroid gland will relase calcintonin to cause a fall in blood calcium levels

A

True

48
Q

(T/F) The thyroid will relase the parathyroid hormone (PTH) to cause a rise in blood calcium levels

A

True

49
Q

What are the causes for calcium imbalances?

There are four

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Cancer
Tumors
Bone breakdown

Remember, PTH causes a rise in calcium, so if you’re getting an excess of the hormone your calcium will rise

50
Q

What is the range for hypercalcemia?

A

More than (>) 10.5

Range is 9.0-10.5

51
Q

What are clincial manifestations for hypercalcemia?

There are two important ones, two kinda important ones

A

Sedative symptoms
Fatigue, weakness, confusion, seizures, coma
Bone pain
Dysrhythmias
Kidney stones
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Increased BP

Bold is what I think can turn up, italics are possibiltiies (50/50)

52
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia based on rhyme “bones, stones, groans, and psychiatric overtones”

A

Bones–abnormal bone remodeling and fracture risk
Stones–kidney stones!
Groans–abdominal cramping, nausea, ileus, constipation
Psychiatric overtones–Lethargy, depressed mood, psychosis, cognitive dsyfunction

53
Q

What are managements for hypercalcemia?

There are five, one important

A

Weight-bearing activity
Hydration (3-4L)
Biphosphonates
Calcitonin (injection)
Dialysis

Hydration to dilute water. Calcitonin brings your calcium levels down.

54
Q

What is the range for hypocalcemia?

A

Less than (<) 9.0

Range is 9.0-10.5

55
Q

What are the causes for hypocalcemia?

There are three

A

Low PTH (Parathyroid removal, radiation)
Chronic alcohol use
Diarrhea

56
Q

What are clinial manifestations for hypocalcemia?

There are six, three important

A

Nerve excitability
Tetany
Chvostek sign
Trousseau sign
Numbness/tingling (extremities and circumoral)
Cardiac changes

57
Q

What is the difference between tetany and Trousseau sign?

A

Tetany is muscle contractions, Trousseau sign is a carpopedal spasm that can be a sign of latent tetany

58
Q

What is management for hypocalcemia?

There are five, two important

A

Diet (Vitamin D)
Supplements
Calcium Gluconate (IV)
Post-surgical management
Monitor labs (CMP)

Vitamin D helps with absorption of calcium

59
Q

What is the normal range for phosphorous?

A

3.0-4.5

60
Q

(T/F) Phosphorous has a inverse relationship with calcium

A

True

Balanced with PTH and kidneys

61
Q

What is the range for hyperphosphatemia?

A

Greater than (>) 4.5

62
Q

What are causes for hyperphosphatemia?

There are four

A

Kidney injury/disease
Laxatives/enemas
Shift from ICF to ECF
Hypoparathyroidism

Inverse relationship with calcium, if the PCT is down then phosphorus goes up.

63
Q

What are clinical manifestations of hyperphosphatemia?

There are four

A

Same as symptoms of hypocalcemia (nerve excitability, tetany, paresthesias)
Soft tissue calcium deposits

64
Q

What are the managements for hyperphosphatemia?

One important one, four total

A

Treat underlying cause
Dietary restrictions
Calcium carbonate (Tums)
Hemodialysis

65
Q

What is the range for hypophosphatemia?

A

Less than (<) 3.0

Range is 3.0-4.6

66
Q

What are the causes for hypophosphatemia?

There are three, eight advanced

A

Decreased absorption (malnourishment, high use of certain antacids, diarrhea, chronic alcohol use
Increased excretion (diarrhea)
ECF to ICF shift (respiratory alkalosis)

67
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypophosphatemia?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) depression
Weakness
Pain
Respiratory or heart failure
Rickets/osteomalacia

68
Q

What is the management for hypophosphatemia?

A

Diet or supplements
IV phosphate
Monitor labs (CMP)

69
Q

What is the normal range for magnesium imbalance?

A

1.3-2.1 mEq/L

70
Q

What does magnesium contribute to?

A

Muscle contractions/relaxations
Neuro function

71
Q

(T/F) Magnesium has a close parallel relationship with calcium

A

True, when calcium rises so does magnesium and vice versa

72
Q

What is magnesium regulated by?

There are two

A

GI and Kidneys

73
Q

What is the range for hypermagnesium?

A

Greater than (>) 2.1

74
Q

What are the causes of hypermagnesium?

There are three

A

Increased intake
Renal problems
Magnesium-containing medications

75
Q

What are the clincial manifestations of hypermagnesium?

There are ten

A

Decreased BP and HR
Facial flushing
Nausea/vomiting
Lethargy
Muscle paralysis, weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
Coma
Cardiac or respiratory arrest

76
Q

What are the managements for hypermagensium?

There are five

A

Dietary limitations
Increase fluids
Diuretics
Dialysis
Calcium Gluconate (for cardiac muscle)

77
Q

What are the range for hypomagnesium?

A

Less than (<) 1.3

78
Q

What are the causes for hypomagnesium?

There’s five

A

Diet
GI or renal loss
Chronic alcohol use
Meds: diuretics, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), some antibiotics
Pancreatitis

79
Q

What are the clinial manifestations for hypomagnesium?

There are 10

A

Same as hypocalcemia
Cramps, tremors, tetany, increased DTR
Chvostek, Trousseau
Confusion, vertigo, seizures
Dsyrhytmias

80
Q

What are the managements for hypomagnesium?

A

Treat cause
Diet/supplements
IV magnesium

81
Q

What are the two fluid imbalances that have symptoms of tetany, Chovestsk, and Trosseau?

A

Hypocalcemia
Hypomagnesium

Adult Health Exam 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions