fluid and electrolytes Flashcards
electrolyte cations
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium
electrolyte anions
chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate
hydrostatic pressure
‘pushing pressure’; pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessels
osmotic pressure
‘pulling pressure’; pressure exerted by the protein in plasma
electrolytes when theres low osmolality
low Na, low RBC, low hematocrit
electrolytes when theres high osmolality
high Na, high RBC, high hematocrit
phosphate
formation of ATP; plays a role in muscle contraction and RBC function
- important relationship with calcium
- bone and teeth formation
phosphate is regulated by_______
parathyroid hormone
causes of hyperphosphatemia
can occur due to low calcium or renal failure
S&S of hyperphosphatemia
tetany, N/V
causes of hypophosphatemia
occur d/t alcohol disorder, severe burns, refeeding syndrome, people receiving TPN
S&S of hypophosphatemia
muscle weakness, paresthesia, lethargy, anorexia
calcium
deals with muscle contraction, clotting
serum calcium
measures what is not bound to bone
ionized calium
is whats used by the body for muscle contraction
causes of hypercalcemia
occurs d/t excess in diet, hypersecretion of PTH
S&S of hypercalcemia
flaccidity (can lead to cardiac arrest), constipation
hypercalcemia treatment
NS and Lasix
causes of hypocalcemia
lack of intake, lack of weight baring activity, hypothyroidism
S&S of hypocalcemia
tetany, spasms, cognitive dysfunction
trousseau’s sign
20 above systolic BP
magnesium
regulates cardiovascular system through vasodilation which causes a decrease in BP and CO
causes of hypermagnesemia
decreased intake and renal failure
S&S of hypermagnesemia
excessive muscle relaxation, weakness, hypotension, cardiac arrest
causes of hypomagnesemia
alcoholism, GI losses, exacerbation of atrial fibrilation
S&S of hypomagnesemia
tachycardia, tremors, seizures,
sodium
directs water movement, generates action potentials
causes of hypernatremia
lack of fluids or excessive sodium intake
S&S of hypernatremia
restless, hallucinations, thirst, muscle twitching, dry mucous membranes, hyperactive CNS
hypernatremia treatment
D5W
- isotonic in bag but will become hypotonic in body which will rehydrate cells
causes of hyponatremia
SIADH, loop diuretics
S&S of hyponatremia
confusion, seizures, N/V, headache, fatigue
critical hyponatremia
levels less than 120; can cause permanent brain damage if treated too quickly
critical hyponatremia treatment
3% hypertonic saline, salt pills
potassium
opposite of magnesium; promotes skeletal muscle function and maintain nerve conduction in the heart
causes of hyperkalemia
decreased excretion, high intake
S&S of hyperkalemia
peaked T waves, muscle twitching and cramping, weakness
causes of hypokalemia
GI loss, poor intake
S&S of hypokalemia
flattened T wave, muscle weakness, numbness, bradycardia, lightheaded
hyperkalemia treatment
calcium chloride, insulin IV followed by dextrose, kayexalate
hypokalemia treatment
bananas, potassium sparing diuretics,
ammonia
converted by the liver into urea which is excreted by the kidneys
liver failure
increase in toxic levels of ammonia and decrease in BUN
low osmolarity
hyponatremia
high osmolarity
hypernatremia
8 year old with gastroenteritis causing diarrhea and vomiting is an imbalance where ______
output is greater than intake
- deficit
8 year old with gastroenteritis causing diarrhea and vomiting is an imbalance where ______
output is greater than intake
- deficit
23 year old hospitalized cancer patient not eating d/t chronic nausea is an imbalance where _________
intake is less than output
- deficit
3 main consequences of imbalances
impaired perfusion and O2, impaired cerebral function, impaired neuromuscular function
newborn water composition
80%
1 year old water composition
75%
adult water composition
60%
nursing management
promote rest, avoid sodium, I/O, daily weights
D5W
hypotonic in body and isotonic in bag
