Fluid and Electrolytes

Question 1

Which of the following best defines the concept of fluid and electrolyte balance?

Answer 1

The process of regulating the extracellular fluid volume, body fluid osmolality, and plasma concentrations of electrolytes.

Question 2

How is electrolyte concentration measured?

Answer 2

Blood sample

Question 3

What are common sources of fluid loss in the body?

Answer 3

Urine, feces, skin, respiration

Question 4

Which of the following signs and symptoms are associated with too little volume (a fluid deficit)?

Answer 4

Oliguria, skin tenting, postural hypotension

Question 5

Which of the following signs and symptoms are associated with hypomagnesia?

Answer 5

Seizures, muscle cramps and twitching, cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 6

Isotonic Solution

Answer 6

A solution that has the same osmolarity as the blood.

Question 7

What is EFC

Answer 7

Extracellular fluid-fluid outside the cell (vascular and interstitial)

Question 8

Osmolality levels within range are:

Answer 8

280-300 mosmol/kg

Question 9

K+ levels

Answer 9

3.5-5 meq/L

Question 10

Calcium Leves

Answer 10

9-11mg/dL

Question 11

Sodium

Answer 11

135-145 meq/L

Question 12

Magnesium

Answer 12

1.5-2.5 meq/L

Question 13

What electrolyte is predominant in extracellular fluid

Answer 13

Na+

Question 14

What electrolyte is predominant in intracellular fluid?

Answer 14

K+

Question 15

Aldosterone

Answer 15

Regulates secretion of Na+ and water. It also increases secretion of K+

Question 16

ADH

Answer 16

Regulates the excretion of water. When released it Tells the kidneys to hold more water. When withheld the body continues to release fluids.

Question 17

Hypernatremia

Answer 17

Fluid is too concentrated

Question 18

Hyponatremia

Answer 18

Too diluted

Question 19

What is dehydration?

Answer 19

Hypernatremia and EFC deficit

Question 20

Hyperkalemia

Answer 20

Too high concentration of K+

Question 21

Hypokalemia

Answer 21

Not enough concentration of K+

Question 22

What are the two characteristics of optimal balance?

Answer 22

-Intake and absorption of fluid and electrolytes match the output.
-Volume, electrolytes, and osmolality is within it’s normal ranges.

Question 23

Hypovolemia

Answer 23

Liquid plasma is too low (extracellular fluid is too low)

Question 24

Colloid Pressure

Answer 24

Large proteins moving fluid into the capillaries

Question 25

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 25

Pushes fluid out of the capillaries

Question 26

What fluid is highest in the EFC

Answer 26

Na+

Question 27

What fluid is highest in the cells?

Answer 27

K+

Question 28

Where are the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ the highest?

Answer 28

In the cells and the bones

Question 29

What can become imbalanced when you have diarrhea?

Answer 29

Na+, water, and K+

Question 30

What can happen with renal problems?

Answer 30

IV solutions can overwhelm their body, because the intake is much greater than the output. K+ can become excess, and cause heart disrythmias.

Question 31

Oliguric

Answer 31

Low urine output

Question 32

What are “third spaces”?

Answer 32

When ECF moves into the peritoneal cavity and the intestinal lumen.

Question 33

What are consequences of fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

Answer 33

-Impaired perfusion
-Impaired cerebral function
-Impaired neuromuscular function

Question 34

What happens when there is a deficit of Ca+ and Mg+?

Answer 34

Muscular Excitability

Question 35

What happens when there is a K+ deficit or excess

Answer 35

Muscle Weakness

Question 36

What are the symptoms of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia?

Answer 36

Seizures, muscle twitching and cramping, hyperactive reflexes

Question 37

What are the symptoms of hypermagnesemia and hypercalcemia?

Answer 37

muscle weakness, depressed reflexes, and lethargy

Question 38

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Answer 38

Muscle weakness, cardiac arrest, cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 39

Symptoms of hypokalmia

Answer 39

Muscle weakness, abdominal distention, constipation, cardiac dysrythmias