Exam 3 Study Questions Flashcards
What are the 3 oral medications that a person can take for diabetes?
Metformin, glipizide, glimepiride
Rapid-acting
- Onset 10-30 minutes, peak 3-5 hours, administer before meals
- Inslulin lispro (Humalog), insulin aspart (Novolog), insulin glulisine (Epidra)
Short-Acting
- Onset 30-60 minutes, peak up to 12 hours, administer before meals
- Regular Insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Intermediate Acting
- Onset 1.5-4 hours, peak up to 24 hours, administer for glycemic control between meals and at night
- NPH insulin
Long Acting
- Onset 45 minutes – 4 hours, peak up to 24 hours, administer once daily at the same time
- Insulin glargine (Lantus), insulin detemir (Levimir)
What is included in the first line of defense?
Skin, mucous membranes
What is included in the second line of defense?
Phagocytes, natural killer T-lymphocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages
What is included in the 3rd line of defense?
B-lymphocytes, t-lymphocytes (specific immunity)
What are organs of the immune system?
Thymus gland, adenoids, tonsils, spleen, appendix
What are immunoglobulins?
Antibodies: formed after a B-lymphocyte encounters and engulfs an antigen and then interacts with helper t-lymphocytes. The B-Lymphocytes then produce identical copies of the antibody.
IgG
Primary Immunoglobin found in the blood
IgD
found within the cell membrane of B lymphocytes
IgE
Responsible for allergy symptoms
IgA
Protects entrances of the body
IgM:
Remains in the blood
What are some symptoms and clinical findings of suppressed immune function?
Repor of frequent infections, report of poor wound healing, fatigue, malaise, weight loss, may appear malnourished or wasting, chronic wounds, enlarged lymph nodes, opportunistic infection
Exaggerated Immune Finding:
allergic symptoms, Pain, fatigue, fever, allergic reactions, signs of autoimmune disorders
Fat soluble Vitamins:
A,D,E,K
Water Soluble
C, B vitamins, Thiamin, Riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic, biotin, folate, cobalamin.
Major Minerals
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride.
What does the Illeum Digest
Fat soluble vitamins
What does the duodenum digest?
Minerals
What does the jejunum digest?
Water soluble
What does the colon digest?
Water
What is considered a low BMI?
Less than 18.5
What BMI is overweight
25-29.9
Class I Obesity
30-34.9
Class II Obesity
35-39.9
Class III
BMI>40
Childhood obesity and overweight percentiles?
Obese: >95, Overweight: 85-95
C-Reactive Protein
Indicative of Inflammation somewhere in the body
What does hemoglobin and hematocrit test:
Examines RBC, Iron, folate, and bitamin B12
What does serum albumin measure?
Circulating protein in the blood
Where to get B-12
Meat, low-fat cereal, cheese, eggs
Where to get Vitamin A
Fish, dairy, cereal
Which of the following terms best describes plant compounds that are thought to have health-protecting qualities? Examples include lutein and lycopene.
Phytochemical
What causes dumping syndrome?
Gastric Bypass
Normal after eating glucose
100-140
angiopathy
Damage to blood vessels
Symptoms of Hyperglycemia:
Thirsty, hungry, peeing often, dry skin, sleepy, blurry vision, infections or injuries slow to heal.
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Shaky, fast heartrate, sweaty, dizzy or shaky, anxious, hungry, blurry vision, weak or tired, headache, nervous or upset
Diabetic A1C
6.5% or greater
Diabetic Tests
C-Reactive Protein, Lipid analysis, Antibody testing (fasting insulin,
Acute Inflammatory response:
Injury- Release chemicals
Vasodilation increased blood flow
Swelling, (activated endothelial cells)
Increased vascular permeability and plasma proteins
Walling off
Immune response cells come to the site.
Exudate formation
Glucose and oxygen move to the area
Chemical Repair factors
