Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NCLEX > Fluid and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NCLEX-RN® flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards
1
Q

Too much fluid in the vascular space

A

Fluid volume excess/hypervolemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of FVE

A

Heart failure
Renal failure
Too much sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does heart failure cause FVE?

A

Heart is weak, cardiac output down, kidney perfusion down, urinary output down. (volume stays in vascular space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is aldosterone found?

A

Adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the normal action of aldosterone?

A

When blood volume gets low, aldosterone is secreted and causes sodium and water retention and causes the blood volume to increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are diseases with too much aldosterone?

A

Cushing’s and hyperaldosteronism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are diseases with too little aldosterone?

A

Addison’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) normally do?

A

causes water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the disease related to too much ADH?

A

SIADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does too much ADH cause?

A

FVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What disease is related to not enough ADH?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does not enough ADH cause?

A

FVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is urine concentrated or diluted with too much ADH?

A

Concentrated because kidneys are retaining water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is blood concentrated or diluted with too much ADH?

A

Diluted (fluid is being held in the vascular space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is ADH found?

A

Pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of injury can cause ADH problems?

A

Head injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What labs are measured with ADH?

A

Urine specific gravity, sodium, hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is another name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin (Pitressin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What drug can be used as an ADH replacement in diabetes insipidus?

A

vasopressin (Pitressin) or desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a normal CVP?

A

2-6 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are signs and symptoms of FVE?

A

Distended neck veins/peripheral veins: vessels are full
Peripheral edema/third spacing
increased CVP
Lung sounds: wet
Polyuria: Kidneys are trying to help remove fluid
increased pulse: trying to keep fluid moving forward
increased BP: more volume=more pressure
increased weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is CVP measured?

A

Right Atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What should you think of first when someone has fluid retention?

A

Heart Problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of diet is a treatment for FVE?

A

Low sodium and restricted fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of drugs are given as a treatment for FVE?

A

Diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is someone with FVE on bedrest?

A

to induce diuresis by the release of ANP and decreased production of ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What causes FVD/hypovolemia?

A

Loss of fluid from anywhere
Third spacing
Diseases with polyuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What should you think of first when someone has polyuria?

A

Shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Examples of third spacing

A

Burns: fluid goes into tissues
Ascites: fluid goes into abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What should you worry about with third spacing?

A

hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Signs and symptoms of FVD

A 
Weight decreased
Decreased skin turgor
dry mucous membranes
decreased urine output
decreased BP: less volume=less pressure
increased pulse: trying to pump little fluid left
increased respirations
decreased CVP
constricted neck/peripheral veins
cool extremities
increased urine specific gravity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do you replace fluids with a mild fluid deficit?

A

with PO fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do you replace fluids with a severe fluid deficit?

A

with IV fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where do isotonic solutions go?

A

into the vascular space and stay there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where do hypotonic solutions go?

A

into the vascular space and then shifts out into the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What can isotonic solutions cause?

A

FVE, hypertension, hypernatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Examples of isotonic solutions

A

Normal saline
LR
D5W
D5 1/4 NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Uses for isotonic solutions

A

to replace fluids lost through nausea, vomiting, burns, sweating, and trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Examples of hypotonic solutions

A

D2.5W
1/2 NS
0.33% NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Uses for hypotonic solutions

A

for a client with hypertension, renal, or cardiac disease and needs fluid replaced because of nausea, vomiting, burns, hemorrhage, etc.

41
Q

what should be monitored for with hypotonic solutions?

A

Cellular edema, FVD, and hypotension due to fluid shifting out of vascular space and into cells

42
Q

Where do hypertonic solutions go?

A

into the vascular space and draw fluids from cells into the vascular space to expand fluid volume

43
Q

Uses for hypertonic solutions?

A

client with hyponatremia, a client who has shifted large amounts of fluid with third spacing, or has severe edema, burns, or ascites

44
Q

What should be monitored for with hypertonic solutions?

A

FVE

45
Q

What kind of medication is a hypertonic solution?

A

high alert

46
Q

How does renal failure cause hypermagnesemia?

A

Kidneys cannot excrete magnesium (builds up in blood)

47
Q

How do antacids cause hypermagnesemia?

A

Antacids contain magnesium. Taking too many can cause magnesium to build up in the blood

48
Q

Why is flushing and warmth a symptom of hypermagesemia?

A

magnesium causes vasodilation

49
Q

What should you think of first when you think of magnesium or calcium?

A

Muscles

50
Q

Why is a ventilator a treatment for hypermagnesemia?

A

muscles are flaccid and weak and respirations are decreased

51
Q

why is dialysis a treatment for hypermagnesemia?

A

This can help filter magnesium out of the blood if kidney failure is the cause

52
Q

Why is calcium gluconate a treatment for hypermagnesemia?

A

it is the antidote for mag toxicity

53
Q

What rate is calcium gluconate administered?

A

1.5-2 mL/min

54
Q

What is the normal lab value for magnesium?

A

1.3-2.1 mEq/L

55
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia

A 
decreased DTR
weak/flaccid muscle tone
arrhythmias
decreased LOC
decreased pulse
decreased respirations
56
Q

What does too much magnesium act like?

A

sedative

57
Q

Why is hyperparathyroidism a cause for hypercalceimia?

A

too much PTH: PTH pulls Ca from the bones and puts it in the blood, causing the blood calcium levels to increase

58
Q

Why are thiazides a cause of hypercalcemia?

A

thiazides retain calcium

59
Q

why is immobilization a cause for hypercalcemia?

A

you have to bear weight to keep calcium in the bones

60
Q

Why are kidney stones a symptom of hypercalcemia?

A

kidney stones are made up of calcium

61
Q

Why are brittle bones a sign of hypercalcemia?

A

Calcium is being pulled from the bones and put into the blood stream

62
Q

Why is movement a treatment for hypercalcemia?

A

movement keeps calcium in the bones

63
Q

Why are fluids a treatment for hypercalcemia?

A

fluids help prevent kidney stones

64
Q

Why is increased phosphorus in the diet a treatment for hypercalcemia?

A

Calcium has an inverse relationship with phosphorus

65
Q

What medications decrease serum calcium?

A

bisphosphates (etidronate)

Calcitonin

66
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A 
decreased DTR
weak/flaccid muscle tone
arrhythmias
decreased LOC
Decreased pulse
decreased respirations
67
Q

What does too much calcium act like?

A

sedative

68
Q

Why is diarrhea a cause of hypomagnesemia?

A

this causes magnesium to be lost out of the intestinal tract (lots of magnesium in the intestines)

69
Q

Why is alcoholism a cause of hypomagnesemia?

A

alcohol suppresses ADH (causes FVD) and it is hypertonic (dilutes blood)

70
Q

signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia

A 
rigid and tight muscles
seizures
stridor/laryngospasm (smooth muscle)
\+ Chvostek's (tap cheek, twitch)
\+Trousseasu's (pump up BP cuff, hand tremor)
arrhythmias (heart is a muscle)
increased DTR
mind changes
swallowing problems (esophagus is smooth muscle)
71
Q

Treatment for hypomagnesemia

A

give IV Mg (increase Mg in blood)
Check kidney function before administration (Mg is excreted through the kidneys)
Seizure precautions (can be a symptom)
Eat magnesium (increase level in blood)
Stop the Mg infusion if patient reports flushing and sweating

72
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia?

A

Hypoparathyroidism
radical neck
thyroidectomy
(not enough PTH in all of these situations)

73
Q

signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A 
rigid and tight muscles
seizures
stridor/laryngospasm (smooth muscle)
\+ Chvostek's (tap cheek, twitch)
\+Trousseasu's (pump up BP cuff, hand tremor)
arrhythmias (heart is a muscle)
increased DTR
mind changes
swallowing problems (esophagus is smooth muscle)
74
Q

treatment for hypocalcemia

A 
PO calcium (increase level in blood)
IV calcium (increase level in blood; give slowly; make sure they are on heart monitor)
Vitamin D (helps with calcium absorption)
75
Q

What kind of medications are given to treat hypocalcemia?

A 
Phosphate binders: (reducing phosphate increases calcium)
sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel)
calcium acetate (PhosLo)
76
Q

what is the normal lab value for sodium?

A

135-145 mEq/L

77
Q

What should you think of when you think about a sodium problem?

A

neuro changes

78
Q

Why are hyperventilation, diabetes insipidus, and heat stroke a cause of hypernatremia?

A

causes water loss which concentrates the sodium level in the blood

79
Q

Why are dry mouth and thirst a symptom of hypernatremia?

A

dehydration (too much fluid lost)

80
Q

why are neuro changes a symptom of hypernatremia?

A

The brain shrinks when too much fluid is lost

81
Q

Treatment for hypernatremia

A 
restrict sodium
dilute client with fluids (makes sodium go down)
daily weights
I&O
Lab work
82
Q

Why is drinking water for fluid replacement a cause of hyponatremia?

A

This only replaces water and not the other electrolytes that were also lost, such as sodium

83
Q

Why is SIADH a cause of hyponatremia?

A

This causes water to be retained (dilute the blood)

84
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia

A

headache
seizure
coma

85
Q

treatment of hyponatremia

A

client needs sodium
doesn’t need water
hypertonic saline if having neuro problems

86
Q

Normal lab value for potassium?

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

87
Q

Why is kidney trouble a cause of hyperkalemia?

A

kidneys excrete potassium and potassium is retained if the kidneys don’t work

88
Q

Why is spironolactone a cause of hyperkalemia?

A

This is a potassium sparing diuretic

89
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

starts with muscle twitching
then muscle weakness
the flaccid paralysis
life threatening arrhythmias (v fib)

90
Q

Why is dialysis a treatment for hyperkalemia?

A

Helps filter the blood in place of the kidneys to remove excess potassium

91
Q

Why are glucose and insulin a treatment for hyperkalemia?

A

insulin carries glucose and potassium into the cells

92
Q

What do you have to worry about any time you give IV insulin?

A

Hypokalemia and hypoglycemia

93
Q

What does calcium gluconate do as a treatment for hyperkalemia?

A

decreases arrhythmias

94
Q

what medication is given for hyperkalemia?

A

sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) (sodium and potassium have an inverse relationship)

95
Q

Why are vomiting and NG suction causes for hypokalemia?

A

This causes a loss of potassium from the stomach (lots of potassium in the stomach)

96
Q

why are diuretics a cause for hypokalemia?

A

diuretics can remove potassium

97
Q

Why is not eating a cause for hypokalemia?

A

potassium is not being taken into the body

98
Q

signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

muscle cramps
muscle weakness
life threatening arrhythmias (v tach)

99
Q

treatment for hypokalemia?

A

give potassium
spironolactone (potassium sparing diuretic)
eat more potassium

NCLEX (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions