Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances

Question 1

Capillary _ pressure pushes fluid out into the interstitial space

Answer 1

hydrostatic

Question 2

Capillary _ pressure pulls the fluid into the capillary

Answer 2

colloidal osmotic

Question 3

Excess interstitial fluid is taken up by _ and returned back to normal circulation

Answer 3

lymphatics

Question 4

High Osmolarity causes :
_ thirst
_ ADH release

Answer 4

increased thirst and increase ADH

Question 5

Low Osmolarity causes:
_ thirst
_ ADH release

Answer 5

decreased

Question 6

Normal movement of fluid depends on the _ of the capillary membrane

Answer 6

integrity

Question 7

DVT will result from increased capillary _ pressure

Answer 7

Hydrostatic

Question 8

Burns, liver disease, malnutrition and excessive wound drainage can all contribute to _ levels in decreased capillary osmotic pressure

Answer 8

serum albumin

Question 9

” leaky capillaries” is a result of_

Answer 9

increased interstitial osmotic pressure

Question 10

Obstruction of _ flow occurs in increased tissue hydrostatic pressure

Answer 10

lymph flow, because excess fluid is not removed

Question 11

What is the term that describes an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space?

Answer 11

edema

Question 12

What is the term used to describe fluid accumulating in transcellular spaces such as pericardium, joint spaces, and the peritoneum?

Answer 12

third-spacing

Question 13

What does it mean when fluid is non-functional?

Answer 13

it means that the fluid does not return back to circulation such as in the case of third-spacing

Question 14

What are causes and manifestations of edema in the brain?

Answer 14

• causes: infection, trauma
• increases intracranial pressure, patient will have headache, altered lvl of con, abnormal pupils, changes in breathing and muscle tone.

Question 15

What are some common manifestations of edema in the lungs?

Answer 15

• decrease in gas exchange, dyspnea, anxiety or restlessness, crackling, diminished breath sounds

Question 16

What is ascites?

Answer 16

third spacing of the peritoneal, causes loss inside the lumen and wall if there is obstruction

Question 17

What would you expect to see in a patient with abdominal edema?

Answer 17

• increase in abdominal girth
• protruding umbilicus
• SOB (diaphragm impeded)

Question 18

What are the two different types of peripheral edema?

Answer 18

pitting and dependent

Question 19

What type of peripheral edema is caused by obstruction of venous blood flow?

Answer 19

dependent

Question 20

What type of peripheral edema is caused by salt retention?

Answer 20

pitting

Question 21

_ and _ are receptors that monitor fluid levels

Answer 21

chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

Question 22

_ receptors are located in the hypothalamus and monitor blood concentration

Answer 22

chemoreceptors

Question 23

_ receptors are located in blood vessels and kidneys, stretch receptors

Answer 23

baroreceptors

Question 24

In what case what ADH be released?

Answer 24

The chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense low blood volume for increased osmolarity

Question 25

How does GFR contribute to maintenance of blood volume?

Answer 25

constriction and relaxation of afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 26

What cells in the baroreceptors sense the change in stretch?

Answer 26

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 27

Where does aldosterone exert its effects?

Answer 27

In the distal tubules promoting the exchange of sodium and potassium because sodium brings water back into the cell promoting increase in blood volume

Question 28

_ peptides counter balance the activity of baroreceptors, ADH and RAA system

Answer 28

natriuretic

Question 29

What is one of the earliest signs of fluid imbalance?

Answer 29

Tachycardia

Question 30

Fluids unavailable or withheld or impaired thirst mechanism are causes of _

Answer 30

isotonic fluid volume deficit

Question 31

In severe volume depletion the body experiences _ shock with vascular _

Answer 31

hypovolemic, collapse

Question 32

Treatment of isotonic fluid volume deficit include...

Answer 32

replace fluid and treat underlying cause

Question 33

Inadequate elimination and excessive intake are causes of _

Answer 33

isotonic fluid volume excess

Question 34

As healthcare providers when correcting a fluid loss we can sometimes cause _ because the body does not have enough time to adjust

Answer 34

hypovolemia

Question 35

Restricting fluids, using diuretics and treating the underlying cause are treatment options for ...

Answer 35

isotonic fluid volume excess

Question 36

What fluid imbalance is characterized as a plasma concentration of sodium less than 135 mmol/L

Answer 36

hyponatremia

Question 37

T/F: too much water in the ECF can lead to hyponatremia due to osmotic pull and water retention

Answer 37

True

Question 38

T/F: a patient with hyponatremia will experience confusion and altered levels of consciousness due to swelling of brain cells

Answer 38

True

Question 39

T/F: would you expect to see these lab values in a patient with hyponatremia? - increase serum osmolality - decreased HCT - decreased BUN

Answer 39

False; serum osmolarity would be decreased

Question 40

What fluid imbalance is characterized by an increase in serum sodium concentration of more than 245 mmol/L?

Answer 40

hypernatremia

Question 41

T/F: the most common cause of hypernatremia is too much sodium in the ECF

Answer 41

False; the most common cause of hypernatremia is too little ECF water

Question 42

Untreated _ will lead to stupor, seizures and coma

Answer 42

hypernatremia

Question 43

Look for signs of neuromuscular excitability such as twitching in _

Answer 43

hypernatremia

Question 44

Decreasing salt and increasing fluid slowly with a fluid such as ORS can be used as treatment for which fluid imbalance?

Answer 44

hypernatremia

Question 45

The normal concentration of _ in the cells is 140 to 150 mmol/L

Answer 45

potassium

Question 46

Hypokalemia is characterized as potassium levels below _

Answer 46

3.5 mmol/L

Question 47

An inadequate amount of potassium intake can be seen in people on _

Answer 47

fad diets

Question 48

_ promotes the movement of K+ into the cell as do medications such as _ and _

Answer 48

insulin bronchodilators decongestants

Question 49

This fluid imbalance can be seen manifested in the kidneys, GI tract, skeletal muscles and cardiovascular system

Answer 49

hypokalemia

Question 50

_ is not a common potassium imbalance

Answer 50

hyperkalemia

Question 51

What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia

Answer 51

decreased renal function (too little output)

Question 52

In times of acidosis, renal function _ further the retention of K+

Answer 52

decreasing

Question 53

An increase of K+ > 5.0 mmol/L is diagnosed as...

Answer 53

hyperkalemia

Question 54

_ is manifested in the GI tract, Neuromuscular, cardiovascular

Answer 54

hyperkalemia

Question 55

In what case would you want to restrict fluids causing retention and promote excretion (exchanging K+ for Na+ in the intestines)?

Answer 55

hyperkalemia

Question 56

Ca=, phosphorus and Mg imbalances are regulated by vitamin _, PTH, and _

Answer 56

D, calcitonin