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Patho > Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

Capillary _ pressure pushes fluid out into the interstitial space

A

hydrostatic

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2
Q

Capillary _ pressure pulls the fluid into the capillary

A

colloidal osmotic

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3
Q

Excess interstitial fluid is taken up by _ and returned back to normal circulation

A

lymphatics

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4
Q

High Osmolarity causes :
_ thirst
_ ADH release

A

increased thirst and increase ADH

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5
Q

Low Osmolarity causes:
_ thirst
_ ADH release

A

decreased

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6
Q

Normal movement of fluid depends on the _ of the capillary membrane

A

integrity

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7
Q

DVT will result from increased capillary _ pressure

A

Hydrostatic

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8
Q

Burns, liver disease, malnutrition and excessive wound drainage can all contribute to _ levels in decreased capillary osmotic pressure

A

serum albumin

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9
Q

” leaky capillaries” is a result of_

A

increased interstitial osmotic pressure

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10
Q

Obstruction of _ flow occurs in increased tissue hydrostatic pressure

A

lymph flow, because excess fluid is not removed

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11
Q

What is the term that describes an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space?

A

edema

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12
Q

What is the term used to describe fluid accumulating in transcellular spaces such as pericardium, joint spaces, and the peritoneum?

A

third-spacing

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13
Q

What does it mean when fluid is non-functional?

A

it means that the fluid does not return back to circulation such as in the case of third-spacing

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14
Q

What are causes and manifestations of edema in the brain?

A
  • causes: infection, trauma
  • increases intracranial pressure, patient will have headache, altered lvl of con, abnormal pupils, changes in breathing and muscle tone.
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15
Q

What are some common manifestations of edema in the lungs?

A
  • decrease in gas exchange, dyspnea, anxiety or restlessness, crackling, diminished breath sounds
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16
Q

What is ascites?

A

third spacing of the peritoneal, causes loss inside the lumen and wall if there is obstruction

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17
Q

What would you expect to see in a patient with abdominal edema?

A
  • increase in abdominal girth
  • protruding umbilicus
  • SOB (diaphragm impeded)
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18
Q

What are the two different types of peripheral edema?

A

pitting and dependent

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19
Q

What type of peripheral edema is caused by obstruction of venous blood flow?

A

dependent

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20
Q

What type of peripheral edema is caused by salt retention?

A

pitting

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21
Q

_ and _ are receptors that monitor fluid levels

A

chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

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22
Q

_ receptors are located in the hypothalamus and monitor blood concentration

A

chemoreceptors

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23
Q

_ receptors are located in blood vessels and kidneys, stretch receptors

A

baroreceptors

24
Q

In what case what ADH be released?

A

The chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense low blood volume for increased osmolarity

25
Q

How does GFR contribute to maintenance of blood volume?

A

constriction and relaxation of afferent and efferent arterioles

26
Q

What cells in the baroreceptors sense the change in stretch?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

27
Q

Where does aldosterone exert its effects?

A

In the distal tubules promoting the exchange of sodium and potassium because sodium brings water back into the cell promoting increase in blood volume

28
Q

_ peptides counter balance the activity of baroreceptors, ADH and RAA system

A

natriuretic

29
Q

What is one of the earliest signs of fluid imbalance?

A

Tachycardia

30
Q

Fluids unavailable or withheld or impaired thirst mechanism are causes of _

A

isotonic fluid volume deficit

31
Q

In severe volume depletion the body experiences _ shock with vascular _

A

hypovolemic, collapse

32
Q

Treatment of isotonic fluid volume deficit include…

A

replace fluid and treat underlying cause

33
Q

Inadequate elimination and excessive intake are causes of _

A

isotonic fluid volume excess

34
Q

As healthcare providers when correcting a fluid loss we can sometimes cause _ because the body does not have enough time to adjust

A

hypovolemia

35
Q

Restricting fluids, using diuretics and treating the underlying cause are treatment options for …

A

isotonic fluid volume excess

36
Q

What fluid imbalance is characterized as a plasma concentration of sodium less than 135 mmol/L

A

hyponatremia

37
Q

T/F: too much water in the ECF can lead to hyponatremia due to osmotic pull and water retention

A

True

38
Q

T/F: a patient with hyponatremia will experience confusion and altered levels of consciousness due to swelling of brain cells

A

True

39
Q

T/F: would you expect to see these lab values in a patient with hyponatremia?

  • increase serum osmolality
  • decreased HCT
  • decreased BUN
A

False; serum osmolarity would be decreased

40
Q

What fluid imbalance is characterized by an increase in serum sodium concentration of more than 245 mmol/L?

A

hypernatremia

41
Q

T/F: the most common cause of hypernatremia is too much sodium in the ECF

A

False; the most common cause of hypernatremia is too little ECF water

42
Q

Untreated _ will lead to stupor, seizures and coma

A

hypernatremia

43
Q

Look for signs of neuromuscular excitability such as twitching in _

A

hypernatremia

44
Q

Decreasing salt and increasing fluid slowly with a fluid such as ORS can be used as treatment for which fluid imbalance?

A

hypernatremia

45
Q

The normal concentration of _ in the cells is 140 to 150 mmol/L

A

potassium

46
Q

Hypokalemia is characterized as potassium levels below _

A

3.5 mmol/L

47
Q

An inadequate amount of potassium intake can be seen in people on _

A

fad diets

48
Q

_ promotes the movement of K+ into the cell as do medications such as _ and _

A

insulin
bronchodilators
decongestants

49
Q

This fluid imbalance can be seen manifested in the kidneys, GI tract, skeletal muscles and cardiovascular system

A

hypokalemia

50
Q

_ is not a common potassium imbalance

A

hyperkalemia

51
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia

A

decreased renal function (too little output)

52
Q

In times of acidosis, renal function _ further the retention of K+

A

decreasing

53
Q

An increase of K+ > 5.0 mmol/L is diagnosed as…

A

hyperkalemia

54
Q

_ is manifested in the GI tract, Neuromuscular, cardiovascular

A

hyperkalemia

55
Q

In what case would you want to restrict fluids causing retention and promote excretion (exchanging K+ for Na+ in the intestines)?

A

hyperkalemia

56
Q

Ca=, phosphorus and Mg imbalances are regulated by vitamin _, PTH, and _

A

D, calcitonin

Patho (4 decks)

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