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BIO407 > fluid and electrolyte basics > Flashcards

fluid and electrolyte basics Flashcards

1
Q

hypertonic

A

higher particles outside cells

water leaves cell and the cell shrinks

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2
Q

hypotonic

A

higher particles inside cell

water moves in and cells expand

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3
Q

water regulation

A

distal convoluted tubule

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4
Q

particle regulation

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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5
Q

aldosterone

A

regulates na up take

every sodium reabsorbed, one k is released

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6
Q

atrial natriuetic factor

A

released by heart when the atria expand

blocks na reabsorption and promotes loss of water

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7
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

draws water back in

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8
Q

increased water

A

increased osmolarity

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9
Q

where is ADH released from

A

posterior pituitary

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10
Q

dehydration

A

decrease water intake

excessive losses

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11
Q

Diabetes inspidus

A

no bg in urine it is adh

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12
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

body attempting to excrete the sugar

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13
Q

dehydratoin

A

decrease in total body water but na is at a normal level
water is pulled from cells and thirst drive is activated
can cause relative hypernatremia

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14
Q

water intoxication

A

dilutes ECF

Rarely develops becauae of efficiecy of the kidney

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15
Q

Water intoxication can be caused by

A

SIADH when hypothalamus is affected

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16
Q

water intoxication can cause what?

A

relative hyponatremia

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17
Q

is na loss> water loss

A

hypotonic

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18
Q

if water loss< na loss

A

hypertonic

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19
Q

diarrhea

A

isotonic depletioon

20
Q

intense perspiration

A

hypertonic depletion relative increase in na

21
Q

renal na loss

A

hypotonic depletion
decreased ecf
increased icf volume
decrease na (decreased na so the water in increased)

22
Q

normal saline solution

A

isotonic expansion

increase ecf no affect on sodium or icf

23
Q

hypertonic infusion

A

hypertonic expansion
increased icf
decreased ecf
increased icf

24
Q

water intoxication

A

hypotonic expansion
increase icf volume
increase icf volume
relative decrease in Na

25
Q

sequestrian states

A

rapid blood loss or burn and inflammatory exudate

26
Q

volume excess

A

renal water and na retention as well as na retention
renal failure, chf, and nephrotic syndrome
hypersecretion of aldosterone (tumor)

27
Q

decrease plasma volume = _____ hematocrit

A

increased

28
Q

hypertonic plasma on brain

A

cns cells shrink- weakness, irrability, seizures, occurs rapidly then there can be cerebral hemorrhage

29
Q

hypotonic plasma on brain

A

cns cells swell- cerebral edema, ha/maliase/vomiting seizures and coma if it progresses

30
Q

causes of hyponatremia

A 
result of fluid loss 
not enough intake
usually relative 
can be due to renal deficits 
decreased aldosterone 
matched by water loss to produce isotonic ECF
31
Q

hypernatremia

A

excess na
arises when water loss> na loss
condition is relative
true condition is rare and can result from NaCl excess administration

32
Q

potassium and sodium

A

potassium is really high in cells and low in the blood

sodium is really high in the blood and low in the cell

33
Q

potassium affects

A

neuromuscular activity

34
Q

loss of potassium and aldosterone

A

keeps an na so it has to excrete a potassium

35
Q

hypokalemia

A

result of total body deficit
shift of k from ECF to ICF (d/t insulin, glucose, and many drugs, alkalosis (shifts k into cells))
inadequate dietary intake- elderly, gi disturbances, nausea

36
Q

hypokalemia

A 
result of 
vomiting 
heavy perspiration 
chronic diarrhea 
gi fistula/restriction 
kidney tubular defect 
hypersecretion of aldosterone 
diuretics
improper administration of iv fluids
37
Q

signs and symptoms of hypokalemia

A

weakness, muscle twitches, depresses reflexes
loss of neuromuscular tone
vomiting

38
Q

ekg changes with hypokalemia

A

twave- hearts attempt to compensate d/t decreased action potentail

39
Q

hyperkalemia

A

excess k can be life threatening due to:
aldosterone deficiency
K retention
renal failure
excessive IV fluids
excessive trauma
crushing injuries (cells break down and release k)

40
Q

blood transfusions and hyperkalemia

A

hemolytic event can release stored k in the rbcs

41
Q

ekg changes with hyperkalemia

A

st segment depressed
t wave increases
p wave lost

42
Q

calcium concentration

A

more common in ECF rather than ICF

43
Q

PTH

A

increase GI absorption and renal retention of Ca
PTH mobilizes ca from bone
calcitonin, promotes Ca excretion to prevent excess

44
Q

hypercalcemia

A 
result of hyper parathyroidis or hypothyroid
ca retention
renal disease 
excessive vit d intake 
tumors that secrete pth 
hypophospatemia 
Ca retention liked to PO excretion
45
Q

s/s of hypercalcemia

A

nausea/cramping/diarrhea (increased GI motility), nephrolithiasis

46
Q

causes of hypocalcemia

A

reduced PTH
peritoneal inflammation
excessive calcitonin
inadequate calcium absorption

BIO407 (7 decks)

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