Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nephrology > Fluid and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total length of glomeruli in the kidney?

A

1.5m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to body fluid when the kidneys stop working?

A

Fluid begins to accumulate

  • pulmonary oedema
  • interstitial oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What electrolyte is increase when kidneys stop working?

A

Potassium
= hyperkalaemia

ECG

  • arrhythmia
  • asystole (flat line)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s the main ion inside cells?

A

K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s the main ion ECF

A

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which compartment contains most fluid?

A

IC 60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How much CO do the kidneys receive?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the response of SNS on the kidney?

A

decrease plasma volume

SNS vasoconstricts the afferent arterioles to restrict blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the response of Ang II on the kidney?

A

decrease BP

Ang II vasoconstricts efferent arterole to maintain eGFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the response of prostaglandins on the kidney?

A

Dilate afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What charge is the glomerular BM?

A

Negatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much of the filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

99%

180L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s the average amount of urine produced per day?

A

approx. 1.8L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What’s the unit of measure of concentration of a solute?

A

Osmole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is osmolality temperature-dependent?

A

No its temperature-independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s the concentration of solutes in plasma?

A

285-295mOsm/kg

approx. 300mOsm/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does majority of reabsorption take place?

A

70% PCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

On the luminal side what is the main exchangers for reabsorption

A

Mainly

  1. Na-X co-transporters
  2. Na+/H+ exchanger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the driver of absorption?

A

Basolateral 3Na+/2K+-ATPase

- creates concentration gradient for Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How long is the PCT?

A

14mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which part of the nephron concentrates urine?

A

LOH and CD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What system does the LOH use?

A

Countercurrent multiplier system

23
Q

Which part of the nephron is impermeable to H2O?

A

TALH

24
Q

What main channel is found on TALH? And what drug can be used to inhibit this?

A

NKCC

Loop diuretic

25
Q

What’s the main function of TALH?

A

Increases interstitium concentration

Providing a concentration gradient to promote H2O rebasorption from thin DLH

26
Q

How does the vasa recta work to maintain gradient?

A

It doesn’t wash away the gradient by using countercurrent exchange

27
Q

What is the main channel on DCT?

A

NCC

Na/Cl co-transporter

28
Q

What drug acts on DCT and on what channel?

A

Thiazide

NCC

29
Q

How long is the DCT?

A

1mm

30
Q

By the time the filtrate reaches the CD how much of the filtrate is left? And why?

A

5%

PCT -70%
LOH -20%
DCT -5%
= 5% left

31
Q

What acts on the CD to decrease volume loss?

A
  1. ADH (posterior pituitary gland)
    - binds to V2R
    - inserts AQs
  2. Aldosterone
    - causes translocation of ENaC into cortical CD
    - promotes Na+ reabsorption and K+ loss
32
Q

What diuretics can be used on the CD

A

K+-sparing

  • MR-antagonist: spironolactone
  • ENaC blockers: amiloride
33
Q

Where is aquaporin I and II inserted?

A

I - TDLH

II - CD

34
Q

What are the main channels on PCT?

A

Basolateral: 3Na+/2K+-ATPase
Luminal: Na+/H+ antiporter

35
Q

What are the main channels on TDLH?

A

AQ I

36
Q

What are the main channels on TALH?

A

NKCC

-inhibited by loop diuretics e.g. flurosemide and bumetinde

37
Q

What are the main channels on CCD?

A

AQ II (ADH)

ENaC (aldosterone)

38
Q

What is the hereditary disorder that effects the PCT?

A

Fanconi’s syndrome

39
Q

What is the hereditary disorder that effects the NKCC2?

A

Bartter’s syndrome

40
Q

What is the hereditary disorder that effects the NCC?

A

Gitelman’s syndrome

41
Q

What is the hereditary disorder that effects the eNaC

A

Liddle’s

42
Q

What are the main waste products measured?

A

Creatinine and urea

43
Q

What is Hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

A

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a disease characterized by a triad of

  1. hemolytic anemia (anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells)
  2. acute kidney failure (uremia)
  3. low platelet count (thrombocytopenia).
44
Q

How is urea formed?

A

byproduct of AA metabolism in the liver

45
Q

What’s the importance of urea in kidney function?

A

Urea trapping

  • reabsorbed in the inner medullary CD
  • involved in countercurrent exchange and maintaining concentration gradient for H2O reabsorption
46
Q

What is creatinine made from?

A

Breakdown product of creatinine phosphate

- muscle metabolism

47
Q

What’s the importance of creatinine in kidney function?

A

Freely filtered
NOT re-absorbed
- can be used as a reliable marker of kidney function

48
Q

What is the range of urine concentration?

A

200-1400mOsm/kg

49
Q

What is the minimum urine osmolality?

A

50mOsm/kg

50
Q

What is the minimum urine output?

A

0.4L/day

51
Q

What is the maximum urine output?

A

12L/day

52
Q

What is the concentration of waste products excreted/day

A

600mOsmol

53
Q

What’s the volume of glomerular filtrate generated from plasma per min and how much if reabsorbed?

A

100mL/min

99% reabsorbed - 70% PCT

Nephrology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions